Waste transport containers

Waste transport shall comply with the national regulations for the transport of radioactive material. Such national regulations are often based on Ref. [11]. Further information can be found in Ref. [2]. 

Transportation and handling of the packaged waste at the incineration facility shall be done with suitable equipment, for example cranes, fork lifts and roller conveyors. On-site transportation containers shall meet all the conditions necessary to prevent radioactive contamination of the area and the operating personnel. 

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Depending on radioactivity levels the disintegrated internals will be transported either in core material transport casks to CLAB for intermediate storage or transferred to shielded waste transportation containers for final disposal in SFR (Final repository for operational and decommissioning waste). 

In water, neither volatilization nor sorption to sediments and suspended particulates is expected to be an important transport mechanism. Using the Henry s Law constant, a half-life of 88 days was calculated for evaporation from a model river 1 m deep with a current of 1 m/second, and with a wind velocity of 3 m/second (Lyman et al. 1982). The biological treatment of waste water containing phenol has shown that less than 1% of phenol is removed by stripping (Kincannon et al. 1983 Petrasek et al. 1983). 

Roy F. Weston, Inc., owns and operates two TISs the TIS-5, capable of treating 7 tons per hour (tph) of waste, and the TIS-20, designed to treat up to 30 tph. Both employ a two-stage combustion process for incineration of hazardous waste. Transportable incineration is generally cost-effective for sites containing more than 1000 tons of contaminated media. 

The typical approach to nonthermal stabilization for waste streams containing inorganic contaminants is chemical immobilization. In this approach, low-cost stabilizing chemicals are added to the waste stream, and contaminants are chemically treated to render them harmless. Such a treatment, if conducted at ambient temperature, is ideal for handling high waste volumes at low cost, provided the waste volume is not increased excessively during the treatment (higher volume may raise the transportation and disposal costs). Thus, the major constraint for nonthermal treatment is that the waste volume increase be kept to a minimum. 

Intermediate-level wastes (ILW) contain lower levels of radioactivity and heat content than high-level wastes, but they still must be shielded during handling and transport. Such wastes may include resins from reactor operations or solidified chemical sludges, as well as pieces of equipment or metal fragments. Commercial engineering processes are being used to treat and immobilize these wastes. Disposal options are similar to those for low-level wastes. 

Such transport mechanisms are physical or chemical mechanisms in an ecosystem and obviously they do not include commercial transport of chemicals. In reality, national and international trade is responsible to a large extent from movement of many dangerous chemicals. Sometimes unwanted chemicals of some countries appear in less conscious countries, international seas or no-man s lands. Sometimes not only the chemicals or the wastes that contain them, but technologies producing such products and wastes are transferred to other countries. This has been subject to a special decision taken at the Rio-UNCED conference in June 1992 when the establishment of international rules and technology transfer organizations were promulgated. 

The technical standards contained in the DOT regulations cited above apply to hazardous waste transporters as well as to generators. 8 263.10(a). Aside from these standards, the transporter regulations are relatively straightforward. Transporters must notify EPA comply with the manifest system utilize special shipping papers for bulk hazardous waste shipments by rail or water and comply with the clean-up requirements in 8 263.30 and 263.32 if hazardous waste is discharged during transport. 

Hazardous wastes in containers of 1-10 gallons or less which are to be transported off-site must be marked as follows ... 

Shielded transport is also required for solidified high level waste, hulls, plutonium containing material, and for some intermediate and a-active waste. Special containers are used for each type. As an exanqile, in the United Kingdom plutonium containers made of wood and cadmium are limited to carrying 10 kg Pu the container weighs 175 kg, is 1.3 m high, and 0.8 m in diameter. 

Clinical Waste and Medical Waste Wastes transported under UN3291 are wastes derived from the medical treatment of humans or animals or from bio-research, where there is a relatively low probability that infectious substances are present. Waste infectious substances which can be specified must be assigned to UN2814 or UN2900. Decontaminated wastes which previously contained infectious substances may be considered as not subject to these Regulations unless the criteria of another Class or Division are met. lATA 3.6.2.1.5... 

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