Waste handling siting

According to the 1993 TRI, the amount of chloroform released to land is only a small fraction (less than 1%) of the total amount of chloroform released to the enviromnent by facilities that produce and process the chemical (see Section 5.2.3) (TRI93 1995). TRI also documents 2,386,285 pounds (1,073,828 kg) transferred to off-site waste handling sites in 1993, a level amounting to around 17% the total releases to environmental media and larger than any releases to environmental media other than air (TRI93 1995). The TRI data should be used with caution since only certain types of facilities are required to report. This is not an exhaustive list. 

Since emptied containers may retain product residue, follow label warnings even after container is emptied. Empty containers should be taken to an approved waste handling site for recycling or disposal. 

In the United States, electrical and electronic appliances, when old and considered to be wastes, are sent to sanitary landfill sites for dismantling, separation, resource recovery, and disposal. Commercial companies are getting formed for the waste handling, packaging, transportation, resource recovery, and disposition operations, aiming at profit-making.1-3 5-11... 

Secondary sources of PCDD/PCDFs, their reservoirs, are those matrices where they are already present, either in the environment or as products. Product reservoirs include PCP-treated wood, PCB-containing transformers and sewage sludge, compost and liquid manure, which can be used as fertilizers in agriculture and gardens. Reservoirs in the environment are, for example, landfills and waste dumps, contaminated soils (mainly from former chemical production or handling sites), and contaminated sediments (especially in harbours and rivers with industries discharging directly to the waterways). 

A good cost estimate to site incineration is about 28/ MT for large sites of several hundred to several thousand tons. That includes limited extra safety precautions and limited waste handling, perhaps up to half a kilometer from the site. 

Any person who transports, or offers for transportation, hazardous waste for off-site treatment, storage, or disposal must prepare a manifest before transporting the waste off-site. The person must designate, on the manifest, one facility which is permitted to handle the waste described on the manifest. A person may also designate one alternate facility that can be... 

Generally the procedure that has been developed Is effective In reducing the volume of waste that must be handled by a pesticide applicator by a factor of 100. Five thousand gallons of wastewater can be reduced to 50 gallons of sludge and spent activated carbon. Under current regulations these materials would most likely have to be disposed of at a hazardous waste disposal site. 

To minimize the risk of fire, explosion, or release of hazardous wastes that may contaminate the environment, an industrial plant classified as a generator is required to have the following on site, and immediately accessible to its hazardous waste handling area ... 

The costs wiU vary based on the site s specific chemical and hydraulic properties. The initial and target contaminant concentrations, concentrations of nontarget ions, conductivity of the pore water, soil characteristics and moisture content, the quantity of waste, depth of contamination, residual waste handling and processing, site preparation requirements, and electricity and labor rates have a significant effect on the unit price (D19938G, pp. 16, 17). 

Factors having a secondary impact on treatment costs include the depth of contamination, the depth to gronndwater, site preparation costs, and waste handling and preprocessing costs. Other factors inclnde ntUity/fnel rates, labor rates, the amount of debris associated with the waste, the characteristics of the residnal wastes, and the moisture content of the soil (D15712K, p. 46). In 1998, the vendor estimated that the MAECTITE process costs 30 to 70% less than cement encapsnlation (D17813W, p. 1). 

The USEPA estimates that over 6000 facilities are currently operated as treatment, storage, or disposal facilities (TSDFs) regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which assigns the responsibility of corrective action to facility owners and operators and authorizes the USEPA to oversee corrective actions. Unlike the Superfund, RCRA responsibility is delegated to states. The USEPA and authorized states have completed initial assessment of potential environmental contamination at over 70% of RCRA facilities, as required by statute to address corrective action. Environmental contamination at many RCRA facilities is expected to be less severe than at Superfund sites however, the total number of RCRA facilities exceeds the number of Superfund sites. The USEPA developed a computer-based system known as the RCRA National Corrective Action Prioritization System (NCAPS) to help establish priorities for corrective action activities. Among the factors considered in NCAPS are the history of hazardous waste releases, the likelihood of human and environmental exposure, and the type and quantity of waste handle at the facility. 

Residential construction waste is madeup of 42% wood, 26% drywall, 11% masonry, 4% cardboard, 2% metals, and 15% other materials.289 Roughly 80% of this waste can be recycled. The key is in segregating the wastes on site. This can be done by the contractor, the subcontractor, or a cleanup company. Some scrap lumber can be used as braces, in the new dwelling. The rest can be handled as in the foregoing for chipboard. One way that has been used to keep it out of the landfill is to put it in a pile at the edge of the site with... 

From a regulatory perspective, abandoned landfills are abandoned and inactive waste disposal sites, regardless of the point in time at which they were rendered inactive, illegal waste disposal sites that existed before the enactment of the respective waste laws (so-called illegal dumps ) and other abandoned/inactive dumps or fills whereas abandoned contamination sites are sites of inactive installations that handled environmentally hazardous substances (i.e., these are primarily old industrial and commercial facilities). 

Many of the dedicated incinerators have capacities of less than 5000 Te/yr and can be much less complex than commercial ones. If they do not have to handle halogen-containing solvents or chemicals, they do not need to scrub their waste gases with alkaH. Similarly, if there are no inorganics in their feed, they do not need to scrub out dust. Since, in addition, there is no need to transport waste off site, it is possible that in-house incineration can be very much less costly than commercial incineration, even when the scale of operation is a great deal smaller. 

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