Waste fabrics

Gowayed Y. A., Vaidyanathan R. and El-Halwagi M. (1995), Synthesis of Composite Materials from Waste Fabrics and Plastics , 7. Elastomers and Plastics, Vol.27,79-90, January. 

Combinations of PP with PE have also been reported. Arnold et al. reported the creation of an all-polymer composite by using woven PP tape fabrics or short PP tapes shredded from waste fabrics as the reinforcement in a LDPE matrix [69]. Fibre volume fractions of up to 61 % were achieved by consolidating PP tape fabrics between LDPE films. Although the mechanical properties of the final composites were not competitive compared to some of the other composites described in this review, the concept of using waste fabrics to enhance the properties of low stiffness LDPE is attractive since the materials used would otherwise typically be disposed of via landfill. 

Fig. 46 (a) Photographs of LSPU composites filled with various amounts of chaff chmcoal. (b) Fiactuie surface of LSPU composites with 90% chaff charcoal. Lignin PU composites filled with waste fabrics... 

Fig. 47 Scanning electron micrographs LSPU foams filled with waste fabrics. Scale bar (a) 100 fim, (b) 10 ftm...

Lignin PU composites Filled with Waste Fabrics... 

Tantimaich N, Hatakeytima H, Funabashi M, Hattikeyama T (2007) Thermal difimsitivity of polyurethtme composites filled with industritil waste fabrics. Sen-i Gakkaishi 63 182-184... 

An important newer use of fluorine is in the preparation of a polymer surface for adhesives (qv) or coatings (qv). In this apphcation the surfaces of a variety of polymers, eg, EPDM mbber, polyethylene—vinyl acetate foams, and mbber tine scrap, that are difficult or impossible to prepare by other methods are easily and quickly treated. Fluorine surface preparation, unlike wet-chemical surface treatment, does not generate large amounts of hazardous wastes and has been demonstrated to be much more effective than plasma or corona surface treatments. Figure 5 details the commercially available equipment for surface treating plastic components. Equipment to continuously treat fabrics, films, sheet foams, and other web materials is also available. 

Skiving is a variant in which the base metal surface oxides are mechanically removed foUowed immediately by pressure rolling of a precious metal or alloy strip. This is commonly used for inlays for electrical contacts and for jewelry fabrication. The common inlay materials include gold, silver, copper, brass, and solder. No heat is needed, and the coating is appHed only to designated areas so there is Htde waste (3,50). 

As the recycled fuel composition approaches steady state after approximately four cycles (1), the heat and radiation associated with and Pu require more elaborate conversion and fuel fabrication facihties than are needed for virgin fuel. The storage, solidification, packaging, shipping, and disposal considerations associated with wastes that result from this approach are primarily concerned with the relatively short-Hved fission products. The transuranic... 

Uranium oxide [1344-57-6] from mills is converted into uranium hexafluoride [7783-81-5] FJF, for use in gaseous diffusion isotope separation plants (see Diffusion separation methods). The wastes from these operations are only slightly radioactive. Both uranium-235 and uranium-238 have long half-Hves, 7.08 x 10 and 4.46 x 10 yr, respectively. Uranium enriched to around 3 wt % is shipped to a reactor fuel fabrication plant (see Nuclear REACTORS, NUCLEAR FUEL reserves). There conversion to uranium dioxide is foUowed by peUet formation, sintering, and placement in tubes to form fuel rods. The rods are put in bundles to form fuel assembHes. Despite active recycling (qv), some low activity wastes are produced. 

Weapons materials from production reactors were accumulated during the Cold War period as a part of the U.S. defense program. Prominent were tritium, ie, hydrogen-3, having a of 12.3 yr, and plutonium-239, 1/2 = 2.4 X lO" yr. The latter constitutes a waste both as a by-product of weapons fabrication in a waste material called transuranic waste (TRU), and as an excess fissionable material if not used for power production in a reactor. 

Enerco, Inc. (Yardley, Pennsylvania) has a 600 tine/d demonstration pyrolysis plant located in Indiana, Pennsylvania. The faciUty operated 8 h/d, 5 d/wk for six months. The process involves pyrolysis in a 5.4 t/d batch-operated retort chamber. The heated tines are broken down to cmde oil, noncondensable gases, pyrolytic filter, steel (qv), and fabric waste. In this process, hot gases are fed direcdy to the mbber rather than using indirect heating as in most other pyrolyses. The pyrolysis plant was not operating as of early 1996. 

In 1985, the Emanuel Tire Company in Baltimore processed more than 3 x 10 tires into chips, which are mostly sold to pulp and paper mills as a supplemental fuel the remainder is sold to reclaiming facHities or landfiUed. Only 20% of passenger tires are suitable for recapping. Nonrecappable tires are shredded into 5-cm chips. The Emanuel Tire operation is capable of reducing the 5-cm chips to smaller sizes. Shredded waste tire chips can be granulated into very fine wire and fabric-free mbber particles. 

Contrary to proponents assumptions, natural dyes are not necessarily environmentally friendly. First, large amounts of plant waste would be produced because of the low dye content in plants, eg, 170 million t of waste to color the cotton volume. Also, in order to dye fabric with natural dyes, "mordants," which are usually based on heavy metals, have to be used. For example, madder is appHed with tin (Sn) or aluminum (Al). Weld is appHed with tin salts. Salts based on copper and iron can also be used. 

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