Competitive/comparative

The comparison of the algorithms in Figure 9.15 shows that the ES performed better than the other two algorithms in the first two hours of CPU-time for this example. The proposed ES is well-suited for real-world problems, which require good solutions in a short time and is competitive compared to other state-of-the-art algorithms. 

As a matter of fact, most of the processes currently developed to generate biochemicals out of biomass involve fermentation of starch originating from corn, wheat, or rice, for example. The various chemicals obtainable from theses processes and their end applications are listed in Table 10.3. A lot of these fermented biochemicals, however, are not yet economically competitive compared with their petrochemical equivalent, essentially due to the large capital investment in equipment and land needed to implement the fermentation process on an industrial scale. An additional disadvantage of this route is that it competes with feedstock needed by the food industry. More research to reduce the costs of fermentation technology is needed. 

Among the first reported synthetic methods for alkene isosteres, a sigmatropic rearrangement of oxidatively activated allylic selenides to provide Boc-protected allylic amines was used for the synthesis of the D,L-Tyn i[is, CH=CH]Gly isostereJ711 The method resulted in a racemic dipeptide isostere, and only a Gly residue at the C-terminus is possible. It is no longer competitive compared with more recent methods using rearrangement of allylic tri-chloroacetimidates. 

However, the fundamental economical criterion of any transport system is not the power consumption, but the total transport cost per unit mass and distance. Goedde [18] made the comparison of the total unit transport cost of the coal-methanol mixture pipelining with coal-water mixture pipelining, railway and barges transport. He pointed out that the transport of coal in methanol could be significantly profitable and competitive compared with the rest of the above-mentioned kinds of transport. Therefore, the attention... 

While demand booms in Asia, petrochemical production in the USA and Europe is flat or declining, especially for C2 products such as ethylene and polyolefins. Plants are becoming less and less competitive compared with both Middle East and Chinese facilities, which are able to operate from a cheaper cost base (Fig. 7.2). 

Leading companies will have to achieve an annual productivity increase of three to five percent with these and similar actions to avoid losing competitiveness compared with the industry average (Fig. 19.5). 

Thomas et al. (43) demonstrated that NO is depleted by cells other than red blood cells in an 02-dependent process of unknown mechanism. This reaction has implications for the diffusion distance of NO away from the point of origin. These pathways are important for confining the effects of NO to specific cellular regions by controlling migration to neighboring cells or tissues. Hence, processes that are mediated by NO must be competitive compared to the rates of other consumptive pathways in order to exhibit biological importance. 

For 20/tCO2, the extended cost rises by 14 per tonne of cement. This rise not only leads EU firms to reduce their output but also impacts their cost-competitiveness compared with that of... 

Lively, C.M., Competition, comparative life histories, and maintenance of shell dimorphism in a barnacle, Ecology, 67, 858, 1986. 

The economic analysis of the PV-hydrogen power system using long-term cost scenarios showed that the total net cost will be 35% less compared to its present cost (i.e. 236,000 ) and the cost of energy produced by the system will be around 1.129 /kWh, which is competitive compared to the cost of energy produced by the existing PV-diesel system. 

For some years Foray s enzymatic process for L-lysine (L-Lys, 41) was competitive compared with fermentation. This chemoenzymatic L-Lys production was established with a capacity of 5000-10000 t/y. The key intermediate is a-amino-e-caprolactam (ACL), produced from cyclohexanone in a modified Beckmann rearrangement. The enantiospecific hydrolysis forming L-Lys is based on two enzymes L-ACL-hydrolase opens the ring of ACL to L-Lys and in the presence of the ACL-racemase the d-ACL is racemized. Incubating d,l-ACL with cells of Cryptococcus laurentii having l-ACL lactamase activity together with cells of Achromobacter obae with ACL-racemase activity, L-Lys could be obtained in a yield of nearly 100% (Scheme 24) [102]. 

There are many examples demonstrating that SFE is competitive compared to other procedures for the extraction of solids as well as of liquids on an industrial scale. Supercritical extracts are today no exotic novelties they are widely included in our daily food, food supplements and cosmetics. 

Although currently yields obtained in electrochemical synthesis of fullerenes and nanotubes are not yet competitive compared to those prepared via the usual processes (carbon arc, laser ablation, etc.), such procedures are of considerable interest (Kavan et al., 2004). 

Experimental simplicity associated with the high yield of products, recyclabiUty of ionic liquids, and short reaction times render the methods presented here highly competitive compared to existing procedures. 

Technical feasibility of a nuclear process heat reactor for the refinement of coal has been established, main components developed, and its basic licensing capability confirmed. The economic competitiveness compared with non-nuclear alternatives could be achieveable by using improvement potential, however, nowadays looking at low oil prizes realistically not existing. Studies on the technical feasibility and economic competitiveness of the processes for nuclear coal refinement were completed in 1987 [11]. 

The observed results can be understood if one keeps in mind that the precursor ions HC=C—CH2—OH+ and HC=C—CH(CH3)—OH+ can undergo exothermic rearrangement to form more stable allenic ions (see Section I and Scheme 3). For example, (HC=C—CH2—OH+ ) = 1046 kJ mol" and A °f (H2C=C=CH—OH+ ) = 879 kJmoF thus, all propynol ions with sufficient energy to isomerize should readily do so near threshold. The allenic precursor ions could then be the source of 21+ and 22+ (Scheme 16). At higher internal energies, the acetylene ion allene ion interconversion becomes less competitive compared to direct cleavages, so that now the relative fraction of 20+ type products increases. 

Each of the described collection and sorting methods have inherent strengths and weaknesses. They will most likely have to be used in combination to achieve good sorting. It remains to be seen whether the economy and energy efficiency of such systems will be competitive compared to incineration or landfill. As will be seen, the efficiency of this first step of plastics recovery determines not only the way the material will be recycled but also the applications for the generated feedstock. 

Economic analysis (Economides and Ostermann 1982) shows that the TAGS project is more attractive than the ANGTS project, yet still non-competitive compared to current world price of natural gas. On the other hand, a recent... 

This family of polyesters and copolyesters (Fig. 1.19) has inteested the polymer community both because of their remarkable physical properties and biodegradability. Efforts have been actively implemented to improve the economy of the biotechnological processes used to prepare these matraials, so that they can become commercially competitive compared with petroleum-based pol3mers with similar properties. All these aspects are thoroughly tackled in Chapter 22. 

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