Waste collection centres

The knowledge of the practise of waste management by consumers is a recent issue. Not all parameters of this dynamic process are known. It has been demonstrated in this chapter that there is no direct correlation between the quantity of rechargeable batteries (and equipment) purchased during one year and the quantity that are discarded or taken back to a collection centre. 

Figure 1 shows the known and suspected global shipping routes of e-waste, modified from a figure from PCIJ [17] (Phillipine Centre for Investigative Journalism), which they based on a collection of results from several NGOs. 

In many industrialised countries oily wastes are collected and treated in commercial or public emulsion treatment centres. The supply of oil emulsions varies very considerably in type of oils, concentration, contamination with other materials, etc. Following coarse pre-filtration and decantation, oil/water emulsions can be treated very successfully with ceramic membranes. The concentrate is returned to the decanter, and microfiltered again after removal of the free oil, until all oil is removed. The extracted water can be fed into a biological treatment plant, or discharged directly, depending on the composition of the original emulsion and/or local regulations. 

The Bebat collection scheme relies heavily on the reverse distribution model, utilising over 13,000 retail outlets. An additional 5,000 collection points are available in schools, education centres and youth clubs and 600 through container waste parks, operated by municipalities. Further collection points are present in the industry or other bulk users such as hospitals or the military. 

The SCRELEC collection process is very similar to that operated by GRS Batterien in Germany. Collection boxes of various types are distributed to collection points. Currently two waste management companies have been contacted to collect the batteries from the various collection points including stores, business or industrial sites and municipal waste facilities, and forward them to a sorting facility. This scheme is co-ordinated via a national call centre. SCRELEC has released an invitation to tender for the collection sorting and recycling of batteries in France. 

The efficiency of collection and sorting structures is measured by collection costs, capture rate and purity of generated feedstock. Some current methods of collecting discarded plastic products are displayed in Table 3.1. In kerbside collection households are given directives on at what level they should sort their waste, whereas drop-off and buy-back centres have specifications on what waste types are accepted. 

Economics. Many constmction clients will have concerns about the environment and may specify some sustainable elements for their consti uction. Construction waste management costs are largely dependent on the size of the project. The recyclability. depends on quantity, quality, and the inherent value of the waste material. The issues for builders centre on the relative cost and bother factor of recycling (collection, separation, and transportation), against landfill tipping fees, and transportation. For plasterboard, at present material costs are low and costs of disposal to landfill are low, so there is little economic incentive to segregate and recycle plasterboard waste. 

Renal cell carcinoma, also known as renal cell cancer, is the most common type of kidney cancer. About 9 out of 10 kidney cancers are renal ceU carcinomas (American Cancer Society, 2015c). This cancer forms in the lining of very small tubes in the kidney that filter the blood and remove waste products. Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis is kidney cancer that forms in the centre of the kidney in which urine is collected. Wilms tumour is a type of kidney cancer that usually develops in children under the age of 5 (based on information of the National Cancer Institute). An estimated 61,560 new cases of kidney (renal) cancer are expected to be diagnosed in 2015 in the United States. This estimate largely reflects renal cell carcinomas, but also includes cancers of the renal pelvis (5%), which behave more like bladder cancer, and Wilms tumour (1%) (American Cancer Society, 2015a). 

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