Washing toxicity

In 1997, a severe flood at Milo Creek, Idaho, washed toxic mining wastes from a Superfund site onto 50 homes. Numerous heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, and lead flooded these homes [30]. 

Moreover, multivariate optimization, the simultaneous optimization of several properties, will increasingly come into focus. A drug should have high selectivity in binding to different receptors and minimal toxicity, good solubility and penetration, and so on. A hair color should have a brilliant shine, be absorbed well, not be washed out, not damage the hair, not be toxic, and be stable under sunlight, etc. 

Experiments involving the use of dimethyl sulphate should be carried out by students only under immediate supervision. Not only is the vapour of dimethyl sulphate highly poisonousy but the cold liquid itself is absorbed easily through the skin, with toxic results individual susceptibility to ditnethyl sulphate poisoning varies and may be very high. If the sulphate is splashed on to the hands, wash immediately with plenty of concentrated ammonia solution in order to hydrolyse the methyl sulphate before it can be absorbed through the skin (see p. 528). 

Nitrobenzene (and many other liquid organic compoimds containing nitrogen) is appreciably toxic and its vapour should not be allowed to escape into the atmosphere of the laboratory the delivery tube of the condenser should pass well into the mouth of the receiver flask. The liquid is also a skin poison if it Is accidentally spilled on the skin, it should be removed by washing with a litt e methylated spirit, followed by soap and warm water. 

CAUTION, Doth the vapour and the liquid dimethyl sulphate are highly poisonous. Inhalation of the vapour may lead to giddiness and even to more serious results. The cold liquid is easily absorbed through the skin, with toxic results. If the dimethyl sulphate is accidentally splashed upon the hands, wash immediately... 

Triaryl phosphates are produced from the corresponding phenols (usually mixtures) by reaction with phosphoms oxychloride, usually in the presence of a catalyst (94—96). They are subsequently distilled and usually washed with aqueous bases to the desired level of purity. Tricresyl phosphate was originally made from petroleum-derived or coal-tar-derived cresyflc acids, ie, cresols, variously admixed with phenol and xylenols. Discovery of the toxicity of the ortho-cresyl isomers led manufacturers to select cresols having very Httle ortho-isomer. 

Precautions in Handling. Ammonium bifluoride, like all soluble fluorides, is toxic if taken internally. Hydrofluoric acid bums may occur if the material comes in contact with moist skin. Ammonium bifluoride solutions should be thoroughly washed from the skin with mildly alkaline soap as soon as possible however, if contact has been prolonged, the affected areas should be soaked with 0.13% solution of Zephiran chloride, or 0.2% Hyamine 1622 (Lonza, Inc.) or calcium gluconate, the treatment recommended for hydrofluoric acid bums. If any of these solutions come in contact with the eyes, they should be washed with water for at least 10 min and a physician should be consulted. 

The lanthanides are considered only slightly toxic in the Hodge-Stemer classification system and are safely handled with ordinary care (15). Inhalation of rare-earth vapors or dust should be avoided, and the skin washed thoroughly if it comes into contact with any dust or solution. 

Poly(tetramethylene ether) glycols were found to have low oral toxicity in animal tests. The approximate lethal oral dose, LD q, for Terathane 1000 has been found to be greater than 11,000 mg/kg (272). No adverse effects on inhalation have been observed. The polymer glycols are mild skin and eye irritants, and contact with skin, eyes, and clothing should be avoided. Goggles and gloves are recommended. In case of contact with the skin, wash thoroughly with water and soap. If swallowed, no specific intervention is indicated, because the compounds are not hazardous. However, a physician should be consulted (260). 

Monoethan olamine and monoisopropan olamine may be moderately toxic by absorption through the skin. The other amines are low in toxicity by this route and are not likely to be absorbed in acutely toxic amounts. In the event of skin contact, clothing and shoes should be removed promptly, and the skin thoroughly washed with water. Contaminated clothing should be thoroughly cleaned before reuse shoes and leather products should be discarded. 

Alternatively, fabric patches treated with permethrin have been evaluated against natural and laboratory strains of human body flee in Pern. Permethrin-treated fabric is toxic to flee on contact and quickly affects feeding behavior, even when washed up to 20 times. Thus permethrin-treated clothing intermpts disease transmission, and offers a passive louse control not previously feasible (39). 

Ailyl bromide [106-95-6] M 121, b 70", d 1.398, n 1.46924. Washed with NaHC03, soln then distd water, dried (CaCl2 or MgS04), and fractionally distd. Protect from strong light. LACHRYMATOR, HIGHLY TOXIC and FLAMMABLE. 

Ailyl chloride [107-05-1] M 76.5, b 45.1", d 0.939, n 1.4130. Likely impurities include 2-chloropropene, propyl chloride, /-propyl chloride, 3,3-dichloropropane, 1,2-dichloropropane and 1,3-dichloropropane. Purified by washing with cone HCl, then with Na2C03 soln, drying with CaCl2, and distn through an efficient column [Oae and Vanderwerf J Am Chem Soc 75 2724 1953], LACHRYMATOR, TOXIC. 

Wash several times with cold H2O to remove alcohol and HCl and dry over CaCl2. It is important to dry well before distilling in vacuo. Note that the receiver should be cooled in ice to avoid loss of distillate into the trap and vacuum pump. The liquid is highly TOXIC and flammable. [J Am Chem Soc 72 1254 1950.]... 

Bis-acrylamide (Af,Af -methylene bisacrylamide) [110-26-9] M 154.2, m >300 . Recrystd from MeOH (lOOg dissolved in 500mL boiling MeOH) and filtered without suction in a warmed funnel. Allowed to stand at room temperature and then at -15°C overnight. Crystals collected with suction in a cooled funnel and washed with cold MeOH). Crystals air-dried in a warm oven. TOXIC. 

Wash with cone H2SO4, then Na2C03 soln, dry with anhydrous Na2C03, and finally pass through a 50cm column of activated alumina before distn. Alternatively, wash with 10% ferrous sulfate soln to remove peroxides, then H2O, dry with CaS04, and dist in vac. Add 0.2% of catechol to stabilise it. VERY TOXIC. 

Chloroethyl vinyl ether [110-75-8] M 106.6, b 109°/760mm, d 1.048, n 1.437. Washed repeatedly with equal volumes of water made slightly alkaline with KOH, dried with sodium, and distd under vacuum. TOXIC. 

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