Warts, viral

HPV replicates in terminally differentiated squamous cells in the intermediate layers of the genital mucosa. Hence, these effects of the viral early region genes on DNA synthesis are critical for viral survival. Genital warts are the clinical manifestation of active viral replication and virion production at the infection site. 

Hairy cell leukemia Genital warts AIDS-related Kaposi s sarcoma Non-A non-B hepatitis Hepatitis B Malignant melanoma Chronic viral hepatitis C Follicular lymphoma with chemotherapy June 1986 June 1988 Nov. 1988 Feb. 1991 July 1992 Dec. 1995 March 1997 Nov. 1997... 

Mitsuishi T, lida K, Kawana S Cimetidine treatment for viral warts enhances Ib-2 and IFN-y expression but not Ib-18 expression in lesional skin. Eur J Immunol 2003 13 153-169. 

Ulcerative colitis chronic inflammatory disease affecting the large intestine and the rectum Urticaria a skin condition characterised by pruritus Uterine fibroids fibrous tissue growth in the uterus Verrucas viral skin infection, wart... 

Cidofovir is approved for the treatment and prophylaxis of CMV retinitis in AIDS patients. It has also been used in the treatment of acyclovir-resistant (viral thymidine kinase-dehcient) HSV infections, polyomavirus-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, condylomata acuminata (anogenital warts), and mollus-cum contagiosum. 

Antisense clinical trials, most with phosphorothioates, have been directed toward blocking viral production in patients with AIDS or genital warts, disrupting the func-... 

Interferon Melanoma, viral warts See also Chapter 55. 

Verruca vulgaris, verruca plana, and cutaneous horn are forms of viral warts produced by the human papilloma virus (HPV).They are caused by an overgrowth of normal epithelium that may become keratinized and pigmented. Because they occur only in the superficial tissue layer, the body does not recognize them as foreign and therefore does not mount an immune reaction. They are most commonly found in children and young adults and may... 

In the treatment of warts and verrucas, salicylic acid reduces viral numbers by mechanical removal of infected tissue. 

While the natural history of cutaneous HPV infections is for spontaneous regression within a few months or years, treatments (via medical personnel or the consumer) are frequently used to avoid potential viral spreading, wart enlargement, and individual social discomfort. Home remedies include the use of a pumice stone to remove the callus and/or warm water soaks (forty-five degrees centigrade) for thirty minutes daily for approximately six weeks. Most over-the-counter wart treatments function by chemically destroying the epidermis in which the virus is present and are recommended for the removal of only cutaneous common warts... 

Immunology/infectious diseases Diseases affecting the defense mechanisms of the body. Studies in this area include AIDS, auto-immune diseases, bacterial infections, chronic fatigue syndrome, common cold, genital herpes, genital warts, hepatitis, HIV infections, immunosuppressive, influenza, lyme disease, meningitis, parasite and protozoan infections, strep throat, vaccines, viral infections, and others. 

Imidazoquinolines These low molecular-weight molecules are activators of the adaptive and innate immunity, and induce a TnTtype immune response (i.e., R848, Imiquimod) [35]. Interestingly, they also induce IFN-a and are used in the treatment of viral infections and warts. 

Proprietary names of preparations commonly available as general sales list medicines are given for treatment of viral warts and fungal infections of the skin. 

Warts are very common in childhood and are spread by direct contact or autoinoculation. If a wart is scratched, the viral particles may be spread to another area of skin. It may take as long as 12 months for the wart to appear. 

Viral warts are common, particularly in children. Without treatment, warts will eventually disappear due to actions of the immune system. There are treatments available, but their use can be tedious, painful and prolonged. Many chemical treatments containing keratolytics are sold as over-the-counter preparations. Other more specialized treatments are cryotherapy, using liquid nitrogen, electrosurgery, surgical excision, bleomycin injections and carbon dioxide laser. 

Bleomycin is unusual among cytotoxic drugs in that it does not cause bone marrow suppression. However, it is associated with blistering skin rashes and serious progressive pulmonary fibrosis in 10% of patients. (See Chapter 8 for use of bleomycin in the treatment of viral warts.)... 

The life cycle of DNA-DNA viruses is similar to that of a eukaryotic cell in that the genetic information is stored in the form of DNA. Moreover, RNA needs be synthesized before viral proteins can be made. The DNA viruses have a wide range of genome sizes. Some DNA viruses have small genomes of less than 10 kb (papilloma viruses that cause warts), some have intermediate-sized genomes of 40 kb (adenoviruses that infect the respiratory tract),... 

Figure 49-1 provides a schematic diagram of the replicative cycle of a DNA virus (A) and an RNA virus B). DNA viruses include poxviruses (smallpox), herpesviruses (chickenpox, shingles, oral and genital herpes), adenoviruses (conjunctivitis, sore throat), hepadnaviruses (hepatitis B virus [HBV]), and papiUomaviruses (warts). Typically, DNA viruses enter the host cell nucleus, where the viral DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) by host cell polymerase and mRNA is translated into virus-specific proteins. 

L. Gissmann, H. zur Hausen (1980). Partial characterization of viral DNA from human genital warts (Condylomata acuminata). Int. J. Cancer, 25(5), 605-609. 

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