Squamous cells differentiation

HPV replicates in terminally differentiated squamous cells in the intermediate layers of the genital mucosa. Hence, these effects of the viral early region genes on DNA synthesis are critical for viral survival. Genital warts are the clinical manifestation of active viral replication and virion production at the infection site. 

Ostergaard M et al. Proteome profiling of bladder squamous cell carcinomas identification of markers that define their degree of differentiation. Cancer Res 1997 57 4111 117. 

Fig. 13.2 Triple staining of a nipple duct and the adjacent nipple epidermis for K14 (red), ER (pink), and K8/18 8 (green), a Composite image. Nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue), b The same as a a, but without nuclear counterstaining. c Red component (for K14) of the composite image, d Pink component (for ER) of the composite image. Note the immature glandular epithe hum of the duct and the abmpt transformation to squamous cell epithelium of the nipple. ER (pink nuclei) is only expressed in glandularly differentiated cells...

In squamous cell carcinomas, focal expression of K1 and K10, usually in relation to maturation and keratinization, can be observed regardless of whether they are derived from the skin or from internal organs (for references, see Moll 1998). However, quantitatively, squamous cell carcinomas embark on an alternative maturation pathway characterized by abundant expression of K6 and K16. In summary, basal-type keratins K5 and K6 are useful as general markers for tumors derived from basal (K5/14+ progenitor) cells, whereas K1 and K10 can be regarded as keratinization markers and therefore as squamous differentiation markers. 

The distinction between various types of cancer found in the lung requires pathological examination (Yesner, 1978a and b). There are five major and seven minor separate categories (Yesner and Van Hoff, 1979) based on cell type, but more than 50 percent of these occur as combined forms. The range of cells involved may be from stem cells to highly differentiated adeno or squamous cells. If the carcinoma is confined to squamous cell, either smallcell (oat or lymphocyte types) or large-cell adenocarcinoma, one can confidently describe it, but usually the affected tissue contains more than one cell type in close proximity to each other. 

Table 5.2 Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Differential Gene Expression... 

The human nasal cavity, bearing a total surface area of about ISOcm and a total volume of about 15mL, is divided by a midline septum into two non-connected parts. As a cross-sectional view is schematically shown in Fig. lA, the nasal cavity consists of several major differentiated regions. " The nasal vestibule is situated just inside of the nostrils, with an area of about 0.6 cm. The epithelial cells in this region are stratified, squamous, and keratinized. The atrium located at the back of the vestibule is the narrowest region, and has stratified squamous cells anteriorly and pseudostrati-fied cells with microvilli posteriorly. The olfactory... 

Although once the most common type of NSCLC, squamous cell (or epidermoid) carcinoma now accounts for less than 30% of all lung cancers, and is distinguished histologically by evidence of squamous differentiation. This tumor tends to be central in origin, arising from metaplastic bronchial epithelium, and frequently extends into the bronchial lumen, resulting in obstruction. Squamous cell carcino-... 

PFATE 13. This case of squamous cell carcinoma must be differentiated In diagnosis from chondrodermatitis nodularis hellcis, which unlike the carcinoma. Is painful. (Reprinted with permission from Freedberg IM, etal, eds. Fitzpatrick s Dermatology In General Medicine, 6th ed.. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2003, p 738.)... 

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