Walnut Family

Wagtails and pipits Walkingsticks Walnut family Walruses... 

IV. Order Juglandales.—Juglandace e.—A family of apetalous exogenous trees—the walnut family—with alternate odd-pinnate leaves and monoecious flowers, the sterile in catkins, the fertile solitary or in a small cluster or spike. The fruit is a dry drupe with Digitized by Microsoft (S)... 

Juglone [481-39-0] (Cl Natural Brown 7 Cl 75500) was isolated from the husks of walnuts in 1856 (50). Juglone belongs to the Juglandaceae family of which there are a number of species Jug/ans cinerea (butter nuts), J. regia (Persian walnuts), and J. nigra (black walnuts). Persian walnuts were known to the ancient Romans who brought them over from Asia Minor to Europe. As early as 1664, the American colonists knew how to extract the brown dye from the nuts of the black walnut and butternut trees, both native to eastern North America (51). 

Quinone Colors depend on mordant and pH 1. benzoquinone 2. naphthaquinone 3. anthraquinone Carthamine Juglone Alizarin Purpurin Walnut or butternut (Juglans sp.) Rubiaceae family Sorrel (Rumex sp.) Poligonaceae family Forms lake with mordant For 3. pH >7 -> violet-blue pH < 7-> yellow-red AL rose-red Ca bluish-red Zn red-violet Fe black-violet Cr=red brown... 

The family has two areas of distribution north temperate New World with extension through Central America and western South America to Argentina, and temperate Asia to Java and New Guinea. The trees are valued as limber and cabinet woods and, of course, for walnuts, hickory nuts, and pecans. 

Many allergenic 2S albumins originate from the Brassicaceae family, i.e., oriental mustard seed Bra j 1, rapeseed Bra n 1, turnip Bra r 1, and yellow mustard seed Sin a 1. Furthermore, Brazil nut Ber e 1, black walnut Jug n 1, Jug r 1, and Jug r 4 from English walnut, Ses i 1 and Ses i 2 from sesame, Ric c 1 from castor bean, Ana o 3 from cashew nut, and Pis v 1 from pistachio have been included into the IUIS official allergen fist. 

Other natural hair dyes that have been used down the centuries have been indigo (chemical name 2-[i,3-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-indol-2-ylidene]-i,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-one) extracted from Indigofera, a plant of the pea family, and pyrogallol (chemical name 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) extracted from walnut shells. This last dye was banned for use in the EU in 1992-... 

Thanks for your exceptionally good candied walnuts. They were very good. I liked them. So did my family whom I let taste them. Mother made a birthday cake—but it didn t taste anywhere as good as your walnuts. So there— you have a brilliant reputation with my stomack. 

Depending on sample freshness, particle size, extraction solvent (ethanol, methanol, acidified methanol, and acetone), reference phenolic compound (catechin vs. gallic acid), and detection method (vanillin vs. Folin Ciocalteu reagent) used for analysis, one may obtain widely varying results for phenolics of the same seed sample [15,21-25], However, the Juglandaceae family pecan and walnut typically contain the highest amount of phenolics per unit weight (Table 2.10), followed by pistachio nuts. 

Tree nuts are produced in more than 40 developed and less-developed countries on millions of hectares of land, providing economic livelihood for hundreds of thousands of producers and small family operations [1]. The International Nut and Dried Fruit Council Foundation (INC, formerly known as the International Tree Nut Council) was formed in 1983 and represents all sectors of the dried fruit and tree nut production and trade of almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, peanuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios, and walnuts [1]. The world tree nuts production from 2000 to 2007 is given in Chapter 1. 

Macadamia integrifolia (family Proteaceae) Native to Australia but now grown in many parts of the tropics. It is used similar to walnut or brazil nuts. 

While harvesting oil-containing nuts is becoming more mechanized each year, many of them such as pine nuts, hazel nuts, black walnuts, hickory nuts, pecans, coconuts and others, are harvested by members of the farm family at low cost. This is especially true in the Himalaya Mountains of India, and the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, as well as the wild coconuts of the Philippines. 

This now-neglected vegetable is of the same family as the turnip. It has an edible root which can be eaten raw in salads and tastes like a walnut. The leaves are used raw in salads, or cooked like spinach. 

---