Hazel nuts

Hasel,/. hazel dace, -nuss,/. hazelnut, haselnussbraun, a. hazel(nut) brown, hazel. Haselwurz, /. asarum, asarabacca. 

In some cases, a combination of spray precipitation (see Sect. 22.5.6) and freeze-drying is recommended. For example, one can spray the polymer solution into a mortar, the bottom of which is covered with pieces of solid carbon dioxide the size of a hazel nut. The pieces are then ground more finely, the mortar placed in a desiccator and evacuated with an oil pump. The polymer solution can also be sprayed into a liquid cooled to low temperature, the liquid being immiscible with the solvent of the polymer, e.g., spraying an aqueous solution into cold ether. The polymer then precipitates in the form of a light flaky snow decantation of the ether is followed by evacuation as described above. 

Granulated, adj. In sma l pieces varying in size from a single crystal of sugar to a hazel nut. Applied to zinc usually used to generate hydrogen. 

M. Glintert, R. Emberger, R. Hopp, M. Kbpsel, W. SUberzahn and P. Werkhoff. Chirospecific analysis in flavor and essential oil chemistry Part A. Filbertone - the character impact compound of hazel-nuts. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 192. 108-110 (1991). 

Hazel (Corylus avellana) extract Hazel (Corylus avellana) nut extract Hazel (Corylus avellana) nut oil Lipovol HNO Nikkol Hazel Nut Oil 84012-25-9... 

In the case of aflatoxins, detailed methods will vary from one commodity to another. Thus, defatted hazel nuts, pistachios, Brazil nuts, groundnuts, or groundnut meal, can be extracted directly with chloroform after the addition of a small volume of water, whereas cottonseed and cottonseed products are best extracted initially with aqueous acetone and the aflatoxins subsequently partitioned into chloroform. Established procedures for aflatoxins that illustrate these principles include ... 

Hazel nuts (filberts) are harvested from native trees in the lowlands of Italy, Turkey and Spain. They are also extensively planted in Oregon (USA) (Table 6.2). Macadamia nuts are native to Australia, but are planted and grown mostly in the drier lava soil and dry climate of Hawaii. Most pine nuts are grown in the mountains of Italy, Spain, Lebanon and Asia and at elevations of 1525 m in the mountains of New Mexico. Pistachio nuts are grown on the drier lands of Iran, northern Iraq, Turkey, Afghanistan, Italy and California. Peanuts, a bean, are native to South America, and are extensively planted as an annual crop in the southern United States, China, Africa, India, Brazil, Argentina, Asia and the Caribbean. 

Filberts (hazel nuts) of which there are 15 species scattered across the temperate region of North America, Europe, Africa and Asia, have been cultivated for thousands of years. These wild nuts are edible when mature, but are enhanced in flavor, texture and aroma by boiling, dry roasting, oil roasting or by grinding into paste. 

Changes in agronomic practices and the inroduction of new cultivars in recent years have been shown to affect tree nut composition. For example, it has been demonstrated that irrigation retarded oleic acid synthesis in filberts (hazel nuts) and reduced its proportion at all stages of ripening. Heaton et al. (1966) showed that nitrogen application to pecan trees caused oleic acid to decrease and linoleic acid to increase in nut kernels. Heaton et al. (1975) reported that variations in fatty acid composition of pecan nuts were associated with cultivar and year of production. These variations in fatty acid composition may influence the nutritional value and storage stability of tree nuts. Listed in Table 6.5 are the total oil content and fatty acid composition of 13 types of tree nut kernels. 

Nutritionists seldom recognize tree nut oils as a viable source of minerals and vitamins. For this reason, research data are scant and most tree nut oils have not been studied. The Almond Research Center, Sacramento, California has published data (Cunningham, 1992) on vitamin E and fiber content of the oil of almonds and hazel nuts and other vegetable oils (Figures 6.1 and 6.2). The following is an abstract of one of their reports. 

The most concentrated sources of vitamin E are vegetables oils, but these contain no fiber. On the other hand, nuts such as almonds and hazel nuts are sources of dietary fiber as well as vitamin E, thus improving their health benefits. Furthermore, the vitamine E in almonds and hazel nuts is almost all in the D-a-tocopherol, or biologically active and natural form. 

While harvesting oil-containing nuts is becoming more mechanized each year, many of them such as pine nuts, hazel nuts, black walnuts, hickory nuts, pecans, coconuts and others, are harvested by members of the farm family at low cost. This is especially true in the Himalaya Mountains of India, and the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, as well as the wild coconuts of the Philippines. 

When oily nuts and seed are roasted and ground to rupture a sufficient number of cell walls, a paste or butter is produced. When the nuts are of edible quality and the operation is sanitary, the paste becomes an important food item. Pulverizing nuts not only releases free oil, but flavors as well. Historically, grinding roasted nuts into paste was one of the first nut products to be made. It was adapted from grinding coffee with mortar and pestle, and crushing corn and wheat to make bread. While most oily nuts of the world - hazel nuts, almonds, macadamia, peanuts and pecans - have been made into paste commercially, the process is a part of the history of all edible nuts. 

A similar situation exists in India with the production of English walnuts in Europe with the production of hazel nuts in Brazil with reference to Brazil nuts with black walnuts, butternuts, and heart nuts in the Appalachian Mountains and with other nuts around the world including coconuts. Pine nuts have hardly begun to be planted. 

In 1955, the first shipment of 220001b of California almonds reached Japan. The slow growth of exports accelerated as almond plantings increased. In 1970, 68 x 10 lb of California almonds were exported from the United States. The United States entered the world tree nut market in 1970. The entry was the result of growing domestic almond, walnut and pecan production. At the same time, imports of cashew nuts from India, hazel nuts from western Europe, pistachio nuts from Israel, Brazil nuts from South America, and coconuts from the Philippines have continued. 

Hazel-nut Corylus avellana Betulaceae Fresh, baked and confectionary... 

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