Response volume

Twinning is itself a kind of solid solid phase transformation with the first and seeond phases having the same erystal strueture (henee the same pressure-volume response) but with prineipal erystallographie orientation at some angle to the original orientation. This results in a eontribution to plastie shear deformation under both quasi-statie and shoek-wave eonditions [61]. 

PaC02 in vivo, respiration rate, tidal volume, minute volume Responses to C02 and NaCN... 

Angiotensin II produces changes in body hydration and thirst by a direct action in the central nervous system. The administration of angiotensin II into the septal, anterior hypothalamic, and medial preoptic areas stimulates drinking behavior in several species. Part of the volume response also may be caused by the antinatriuretic and antidiuretic effects of angiotensin II. 

CMC did not enhance the ability of desmopressin to concentrate the urine, as measured by urine osmolality or volume response (Table 11). There was also no evidence of any acute effect of the combination of CMC and desmopressin on urinary electrolyte or creatinine concentration (Table 11). The intranasal administration of histamine immediately prior to desmopressin increased the antidiuretic response to desmopressin. Compared to vehicle treatment, urine flow rate response was depressed for a longer duration in response to histamine and desmopressin than after desmopressin alone (Table II). Also it was observed that only histamine and desmopressin in combination, significantly lowered (p < 0.05) cumulative 24 hour urine volume compared to vehicle. As a measure of acute antidiuretic activity, dosing with histamine immediately prior to... 

In discussing shear deformation, it is convenient to distinguish between the initial elastic and viscoelastic response of the polymer to the applied load and the subsequent time-dependent response. However, the distinction is somewhat arbitrary and is not as fundamental as that between elastic volume response and crazing. Viscoelastic shear deformation continues throughout the period under load. The observed time-dependence of lateral strain reflects both generalized viscoelastic relaxation and shear band formation. Since crazing consists simply of displacement in the tensile stress direction, it makes no contribution to lateral strain therefore —e specifically measures deformation by shear processes. 

Figure 8. Subtraction of the volume common to the active and inactive isomers from the inactive isomer to obtain the unique volume responsible for negative interaction with the receptor...

Another important characteristic of viscous liquids close to Tg is nonexponential relaxation. Consider the response of a system to a perturbation, such as the polarization in response to an applied electric field, the strain (deformation) resulting from an applied stress, the stress in response to an imposed deformation, the volume response to applied pressure, or the temperature response to a heat flux. It is found experimentally that the temporal behavior of the response function 0(t), following an initial instantaneous response, can often be described by the stretched exponential, or Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) function (Kohlrausch, 1854 Williams and Watts, 1970),... 

The editors have attempted to make the current volume responsive to these aims, as modified by the needs of the day. Methodological advances are represented chiefly by the chapters on Automated Techniques in Lipid Chemistry and on Hydroxyproline Measurement in Man. Several of the other articles emphasize the biochemical aspects of disease. It is hoped that such contributions will also stimulate the development of feasible laboratory techniques that will be performed by the clinical laboratory of tomorrow. In their article on Quality Control in Routine Clinical Chemistry, Professor Whitby and his associates have treated in a detailed and definitive manner a subject that is of much concern to many laboratories. 

The other two methods are subject to both these errors, since both the form ofi the RTD and the extent of micromixing are assumed. Their advantage is that they permit analytical solution for the conversion. In the axial-dispersion model the reactor is represented by allowing for axial diffusion in an otherwise ideal tubular-flow reactor. In this case the RTD for the actual reactor is used to calculate the best axial dififusivity for the model (Sec. 6-5), and this diffusivity is then employed to predict the conversion (Sec. 6-9). This is a good approximation for most tubular reactors with turbulent flow, since the deviations from plug-flow performance are small. In the third model the reactor is represented by a series of ideal stirred tanks of equal volume. Response data from the actual reactor are used to determine the number of tanks in series (Sec. 6-6). Then the conversion can be evaluated by the method for multiple stirred tanks in series (Sec. 6-10). 

Mineralocorticoid excess also plays a significant role in the maintenance of metabolic alkalosis. In patients with volume-responsive metabolic alkalosis, intravascular volume depletion stimulates aldosterone secretion. As discussed earlier, excess mineralocorticoid activity may also underlie the generation of metabolic alkalosis. In either situation, the increased mineralocorticoid effect stimulates collecting duct H+ secretion. Metabolic alkalosis may also be maintained by persistent hypokalemia. Hypokalemia has a multitude of effects on renal acid-base homeostasis, enhancing proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption, stimulating ammoniagenesis and increasing distal tubular H secretion. ... 

McConaghy, N. Blaszczynski, A. (1980). A pair of monozygotic twins discordant for homosexuality sex-dimorphic behavior and penile volume responses. Arch. Sex. Behav. 9 123—131. 

ACE inhibitors are more potent arterial than venous dilators. In response to ACE inhibition, mean arterial pressure (MAP) may decrease or be unchanged the change in MAP will be determined by the stroke volume response to afterload reduction. Heart rate typically is unchanged, even when there is a decrease in systemic arterial pressure, a response that hkely refiects a decrease in sympathetic tone in response to ACE inhibition. The decrease in left ventricular afterload results in increased stroke volume and cardiac output. Venodilation results in decreases in right and left heart filling pressures and end-diastolic volumes. 

Increasing the weight percentage of pure sucrose ester in the pup-loaf formula from 0.4% to 0.75% produced some surprises. At those levels, sucrose monocapryllate, monocaprate, and monoarachidate became more effective than sucrose monomyristate, monopalmitate, monostearate, and monooleate. Only sucrose monolaurate did not decline in effectiveness it showed a broad, optimum volume-response with concentration in dough. 

A monoester of sucrose prepared from a pure fatty acid methyl ester by transesterification is a mixture of positional isomers (15-20). Each isomer could behave differently in bread. Data in Figure 4 show a dramatic example of how positional isomers function differently in breadmaking (2) ). L-Ascorbyl 6-palmi-tate is an excellent dough strengthener, which showed a +92 cc volume response above a no-shortening control loaf (905 cc). On the other hand, L ascorbyl 2-palmi-tate decreased loaf volume 165 cc below the control. 

M. J. Van de Ven, W. N. Colier, B. T. Kersten, B. Oeseburg, and H. Folgering, Cerebral Blood Volume Responses to Acute PaCOj Changes in Humans, Assessed with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 471, 199... 

Wood C, Cheung C, Brace R. Fetal heart rate, arterial pressure, and blood volume responses to cortisol infusion. Am J Physiol 1987 253(6 Pt 2) R904-R909. 

Fig. 24.20. Metanephric stromal tumor in a 3.5-year-old girl. Contrast-enhanced CT (sagittal reconstruction). Renal mass incidentally discovered during US performed for enuresis. Pathological diagnosis obtained after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (30% volume response only) and nephrectomy for presumed Wilms tumor...

Unfortunately, there is no way to verify experimentally the validity of these two theories. Although the zero conformational entropy can be calculated, the second-order transition temperature, Ti, is experimentally nonverifiable because of the foregoing kinetic freeze-in phenomenon. On the other hand, the free volume , responsible for the experimentally observed glass transition, cannot be quantified because, depending on the definition used, the estimated values of the critical free volumes differ by several orders of magnitude [18]. 

Personal experience of rigid particles confirms that moderately irregular particles like milled silica or alumina have no measurable shape effect, and that only grossly irregular shapes do, such as the flaky particles of some clays and mica. These have been found to give an apparent volume response double or even treble the physical volume, i.e. the diameter calibration factor could differ by up to 66% from the calibration factor derived from spherical latex particles. 

Rod-like particles appear to give no shape effect. O Connell and Martsch microtomed wool fibres to a constant length, and measured them by a COULTER COUNTER instrument, so that the "volume" response would reduce to "cross-sectional area" response, from which fibre diameter could be calculated and compared with microscopy. The results were virtually identical. 

Interestingly, just as fibre diameter can be measured from the volume response of particles cut to a constant length, fibre or particle length can be measured to some degree of accuracy by observing for instance the length of the particle-generated pulses under known conditions. 

In Figure 3, the volume response for six such experiments is presented. Here 6 the normalized departure from... 

Difference from Calibration Mixture—Multiply the area of each peak in the calibration mixture by the liquid volume response factor calculated in 11.2, and normalize the volume percent of each compound so that the volumes of all compounds heavier than n-butane add up to 100.0. Compare the volume percent of each compound heavier than n-butane... 

In the KAHR model, the volume recovery behavior can be expressed by the normalized departure from equilibrium J (= (V - Voo)/Voo), where Voo is the equilibrium volume. The volume response is determined as [99]... 

An essential step is to determine the reduced time z. This derivation follows that presented by Bradshaw [110]. Once z is obtained, volume response and then aging shift factors can be found by using KAHR-a,e model parameters. DiiFerentialing Eq. 3.8, we find ... 

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