Vitamins beta-carotene

Certain factors and product precursors are occasionally added to various fermentation media to iacrease product formation rates, the amount of product formed, or the type of product formed. Examples iaclude the addition of cobalt salts ia the vitamin fermentation, and phenylacetic acid and phenoxyacetic acid for the penicillin G (hen ylpenicillin) and penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin) fermentations, respectively. Biotin is often added to the citric acid fermentation to enhance productivity and the addition of P-ionone vastly iacreases beta-carotene fermentation yields. Also, iaducers play an important role ia some enzyme production fermentations, and specific metaboHc inhibitors often block certain enzymatic steps that result in product accumulation. 

Vitamins are classified by their solubiUty characteristics iato fat-soluble and water-soluble groups. The fat-soluble vitamins A, E, and K result from the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. Vitamin A is derived by enzymic cleavage of the symmetrical C q beta-carotene, also known as pro-vitamin A. Vitamins E and K result from condensations of phytyldiphosphate (C2q) with aromatic components derived from shikimic acid. Vitamin D results from photochemical ring opening of 7-dehydrocholesterol, itself derived from squalene (C q). 

This means that in the strictest sense, PABA is not a vitamin, because the body can manufacture it. But in this sense, too, vitamin A is not technically a vitamin, as the body makes that from beta-carotene. 

The body turns beta-carotene into vitamin A, and it is sometimes added to foods or vitamin supplements as a nutrient. 

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL BETA-CAROTENE (ATBC) CANCER PREVENTION STUDY GROUP (1994) The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers , New Engl J Med, 330, 1029. 

BARTH T J, ZOLER J, KUBELER A, BORN A I and OSSWALD H (1997) Redifferentiation of oral dysplasic mucosa by the application of the anti-oxidants beta-carotene, a-tocopherol and vitamin C. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 67(5) 368-76. 

OMENN G S, GOODMAN G E, THORNQUIST M D, BALMES J, CULLEN M R, GLASS A, KEOGH J P, MEYSKENS F L, VALANIS B, WILLIAMS J H, BARNHART S and HAMMAR S (1996) Effects of a combination of beta-carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N EnglJ Med 1150-1155. 

Olson, J.A. and Hayaishi, O., The enzymatic cleavage of beta-carotene into vitamin A by soluble enzymes of rat liver and intestine, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 54,1364,1965. 

Lindqvist, A. and Andersson, S., Biochemical properties of purified recombinant human beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 23942, 2002. Krinsky, N.I., Cornwell, D.G., and Oncley, J.I., The transport of vitamin A and carotenoids in human plasma. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 73, 233, 1958. 

The stability of individual analytes within a matrix material is often quite variable. A good example is shown by NIST SRM 968b fat soluble vitamins and cholesterol in serum. The material must be shipped and stored at -8o°C. The SRM is certified for a range of vitamins, most of which are quite stable at -20°C, or even +4°C, but the beta-carotene and other components are not. It is therefore essential to ensure the material, if the carotene components are of interest, is shipped and stored correctly. 

There are no approved pharmacologic treatments for atrophic AMD. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study showed that a supplement containing ascorbic acid 500 mg, vitamin E 400 IU, beta carotene 15 mg, zinc oxide 80 mg, and cupric oxide 2 mg reduced the rate of clinical progression of all types of AMD by 28% in patients with at least intermediate macular degeneration. No benefit was seen in patients with earlier stages of age-related maculopathy however, the duration of the study may have been insufficient to detect this benefit.25... 

Free radicals can cause a lot of damage in the body. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene are known as antioxidants. All of... 

Elderberries are used medicinally for catarrh, sore throats, fever and asthma. When cooked with a sweetener into a thick syrup known as a rob they offer the same health benefits. Elderberries are excellent in pies, cobblers, jam, chutney, muffins and puddings. Elderberries are rich in vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus and beta-carotene. The berries may be dried and used in winter. Avoid green, unripe berries. The berries should be cooked before eating, remove the seeds when making jam or wine. Elderberry jam is sometimes served as a alternative to cranberry sauce, accompanying turkey or game. 

AREDS, 2001. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss, AREDS Report No. 8. Arch Ophthalmol 119, 1417-1436. 

Bohm, F, Edge, R, McGarvey, DJ, and Truscott, TG, 1998b. Beta-carotene with vitamins E and C offers synergistic cell protection against NOx. FEES Lett 436, 387-389. 

Chichili, GR, Nohr, D, Schaffer, M, von Lintig, J, and Biesalski, HK, 2005. Beta-carotene conversion into vitamin A in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46, 3562-3569. 

Y. Lin, S. R. Dueker, B. J. Burri, T. R. Neidlinger, and A. J. Clifford, Variability of the conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A in women measured by using a double-tracer design, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71 (2000) 1545-1554. 

High, E. G. and H. G. Day (1951). Effects of different amounts of lutein, squalene, phytol and related substances on the utilization of carotene and vitamin A for storage and growth in the rat. J. Nutr. 43 245-260. Johnson, E. J. et al. (1997). Beta-carotene isomers in human serum, breast milk and buccal mucosa cells after continuous oral doses of -trans and 9-cis beta-carotene. J. Nutr. 127(10) 1993-1999. 

Olson, J. A. (1961). The conversion of radioactive beta, beta-carotene into Vitamin A by the rat intestine in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 236(2) 349-356. 

Hessel, S., A. Eichinger, A. Isken et al. 2007. CMOl deficiency abolishes vitamin A production from beta-carotene and alters lipid metabolism in mice. J Biol Chem 282(46) 33553-335561. 

Offord, EA, JC Gautier, O Avanti et al. 2002. Photoprotective potential of lycopene, beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and camosic acid in UVA-irradiated human skin fibroblasts. Free Radio Biol Med 32(12) 1293-1303. 

Strusinska D, Mierzejewska J and Skok A (2004), Concentration of mineral components, beta-carotene, vitamins A and E in cow colostrum and milk when using mineral-vitamin supplements , Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 60, 202-206. 

Moreno FS, S-Wu T, Naves MM, Silveira ER, Oloris SC, Costa MA, Dagli ML and Ong TP. 2002. Inhibitory effects of beta-carotene and vitamin A during progression phase of hepatocarcinogenesis involve inhibition of cell proliferation but not alterations in DNA methylation. Nutr Cancer 44 80-... 

Roodenburg AJ, Leenen R, van het Hof KH, Weststrate JA and Tijburg LB. 2000. Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and vitamin E in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 71 1187-1193. 

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