Smoke puffs

Bursts or puffs of smoke are produced by explosively-dispersing very fine particles (aerosols), either in the form of combustion products or as inert, solid ingredients. These effects are seen in daylight pyrotechnics displays or when firing blanks from artillery pieces. In the latter instance, a brass case loaded with grain gunpowder is fired from the breech to give white smoke, which is in fact an aerosol of mainly potassium carbonate particles. Alternatively, if a bag of fine powder such as charcoal dust is 

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Gas velocihes can also be measured with anemometers (rotating vane, hot wire, etc.), from visual observations such as the velocity of smoke puffs, or from mass balance data (knowing the fuel consumption rate, air/ fuel ratio, and stack diameter). 

Composition For White Smoke Puff Ground Troop Signals , PATR 134 (1931). 5) Ibid,... 

Smoke has been found to aid the daytime observance of tracer projectiles and also for tracking space vehicles during launch. Specific smoke tracers for training pilots have been produced (See Section 3 of this article). The 0.50 caliber M48 spotter-tracer was developed specifically to take advantage of the appearance of a smoke puff at the point of impact which persists for a longer time than does the flash... 

Aspects of special effects described in this chapter include fuses (quickmatch and plastic fuse), lances (small coloured flares), set-pieces and devices (assemblies consisting of various types of fireworks linked together), flash, bang and whistle compositions and daylight fireworks (smoke puffs and coloured smokes). Finally, the electrical firing of firework displays is discussed. 

For coloured smoke puffs, pigments based on metal chromates are utilised, the pigment being intimately mixed with a fuel such as magnesium. On combustion in free air, a smoke cloud is produced that has residual colour due to the chromate. 

For more information about TiCl4 see in Vol 8, P507-L to P508-R, under. . 2) Colored and White Smoke..in the entry on Pyrotechnics Refs 1) Gmelin, Syst Nr 41 (1951), 310 ff la) G.F. Schladt, Development of Composition for White Smoke Puff Ground Signals , PATR 134 (1931) 2. H. EUern, Modem... 

Salute Another name for thunder. It best expresses the mood of the sound "bangl bang bangl immediately after the appearance of roimd white smoke puffs high in the blue sky at a festival. 

The black color and dense composition of the smoke puffs suggest that the grease, joint insulation and rubber O-rings in the joint seal were being burned and eroded by the hot propellant gases. 

Another mixture, more modem than Hack powder but obviously also a smoky flash (though all flash charges end up as a more or less evanescent smoke puff), is described in a recent I catinny Arsenal report. It consists of a mixture of equal parts of red phosphorus and magnesium, ejected and ignited by meal powder. 

Oil pressure is too high, indicated by smoke puffs at the stack. 

As the shuttle increased its upward velocity, it flew past the emerging and expanding smoke puffs. The last smoke was seen above the field joint at 2.733 seconds. At 3.375 seconds the last smoke was visible below the solid rocket boosters and became indiscernible as it mixed with rocket plumes and sm-rounding atmosphere. 

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