Viscosity chlorine

The initial step in developing a CPE recipe typically involves the selection of the proper base polymer. Some of the most important variables to consider in a CPE product are viscosity, chlorine content, and degree of residual crystallinity. 

Uses Detergent for textiles (cotton, rayon staple fibers/viscose), chlorine bleaching aftersoaping agent for all prints Features Compat. with enzymes Properties Liq. 

Properties. The physical properties of aHphatic fluorine compounds containing chlorine are similar to those of the PECs or HECs (3,5). They usually have high densities and low boiling points, viscosities, and surface tensions. The irregularity in the boiling points of the fluorinated methanes, however, does not appear in the chlorofluorocarbons. Their boiling points consistently increase with the number of chlorines present. The properties of some CECs and HCECs are shown in Tables 3 and 4. 

Each isomer has its individual set of physical and chemical properties however, these properties are similar (Table 6). The fundamental chemical reactions for pentanes are sulfonation to form sulfonic acids, chlorination to form chlorides, nitration to form nitropentanes, oxidation to form various compounds, and cracking to form free radicals. Many of these reactions are used to produce intermediates for the manufacture of industrial chemicals. Generally the reactivity increases from a primary to a secondary to a tertiary hydrogen (37). Other properties available but not Hsted are given in equations for heat capacity and viscosity (34), and saturated Hquid density (36). 

The majority of secondary plasticizers ia use are chlotinated paraffins, which are hydrocarbons chlotinated to a level of 30—70%. Eor a given hydrocarbon chain, viscosity iacreases with chlorine content, as does the fire retardancy imparted to the formulation. These materials aid fire retardancy due to thein chlorine content. Chlotinated paraffins of the same chlorine content may, however, have different volatiHties and viscosities if they are based on different hydrocarbon chaias (see Cm OROCARBONS and cm OROHYDROCARBONS, cm.ORiNATDD paraffins). 

Progressive chlorination of a hydrocarbon molecule yields a succession of Hquids and/or soHds of increasing nonflammability, density, and viscosity, as well as improved solubiUty for a large number of inorganic and organic materials. Other physical properties such as specific heat, dielectric constant, and water solubihty decrease with increasing chlorine content. 

The physical and chemical properties of chlorinated paraffins are deteanined by the carbon chain length of the paraffin and the chlorine content. This is most readily seen with respect to viscosity (Fig. 1) and volatiUty (Fig. 2) increasing carbon chain length and increasing chlorine content lead to an increase in viscosity but a reduction in volatiUty. 

Paraffin carbon chain length Nominal chlorine contents, %w / w Color hazen (APHA) Viscosity, mPa-s (=cP) Density, g/mL Thermal stability, %w/wHCl Volatihty, %w/w Refractive index... 

By selection of those chlorinated paraffins specifically developed for the PVC industry to match the properties of primary plasticizers, reductions in costs can be achieved without significant change in properties. However, certain aspects can be improved by the inclusion of chlorinated paraffin such as flame resistance, chemical and water resistance, low temperature performance, and the viscosity aging stabiUty in plastisols. 

Additives for lubricating oils providing a combination of viscosity index improvement (VII) and dispersancy have also been reported. These additives are prepared from ethyleneamines by reaction with various Vll-type polymers that have been chlorinated or modified in some other way to provide an ethyleneamine reaction site. Antimst additives for lubricating oils have been prepared by reaction of polyamines with fatty acids followed by reaction with polyalkylenesuccinic anhydrides (178,179). 

These values are given for polymers of narrow molecular-weight distribution, with number-average molecular weights (M ) of about 20,000 prior to chlorination. Chlorination reactions are carried out under homogeneous conditions in CCl solutions at temperatures between 90 and 110°C with viscosities at about 5 Pa (50 P). 

Hypalon CP 826. This is a chloriaated, maleic anhydride modified polypropylene having a chlorine content of about 25% and maleic anhydride content of about 0.8%, developed to promote adhesion of inks and coatiags to polypropyleae or bleads containing polypropyleae. It has a solutioa viscosity of 125 mPas(= cP) at 20% soHds ia xyleae and can be used ia dilute solutioas as a wash primer or a tie layer betweea materials that are difficult to adhere. CP 827 is a higher molecular-weight analogue with a solution viscosity of 280 mPas(= cP) at 20% soHds ia 80/20 xylene/methyl isobutyl ketoae. 

The cycloahphatic products are generally Hquids of lower viscosity than the standard glycidyl ether resins. The peroxidized resins contain no chlorine and low ash content and their ring-contained oxirane group (cyclohexene oxide type) reacts more readily with acidic curing agents than the bisphenol A-derived epoxy resins. 

In the 1960s materials became available which are said to have been obtained by chlorination at lower temperatures. In one process the reaction is carried out photochemically in aqueous dispersion in the presence of a swelling agent such as chloroform. At low temperatures and in the presence of excess chlorine the halogen adds to the carbon atom that does not already have an attached chlorine. The product is therefore effectively identical with a hypothetical copolymer of vinyl chloride and symmetrical dichloroethylene. An increase in the amount of post-chlorination increases the melt viscosity and the transition temperature. Typical commercial materials have a chlorine content of about 66-67% (c.f. 56.8% for PVC) with a Tg of about 110% (c.f. approx. 80°C for PVC). 

A broad range of solvents can be used in solvent-borne BR and PIB adhesives. Hydrocarbon (hexane, heptane, naphtha) and chlorinated solvents (perchloroethy-lene) can be used they provide higher viscosities. The presence of small amounts of stabilizer may cause cloudy solutions and settling is rarely produced. There is a logarithmic relationship between viscosity and solids content. In fact, a small... 

The performance of soluble oils is made possible not only by their high specific heat and thermal conductivity but by their low viscosity, which permits good penetration into the very fine clearances around the cutting zone. Consequently, these fluids are used mainly where cooling is the primary requirement. Lubricating properties can be improved by polar additives, which are agents that enhance the oiliness or anti-friction characteristics. Further improvements can be effected by EP (extreme-pressure) additives, which are usually compounds of sulfur or chlorine. 

Many plastics because they are organic are flammable incorporate flame-retardants. Additives that contain chlorine, bromine, phosphorous, metallic salts, and so forth reduce the likelihood that combustion will occur or spread. Lubricants like wax or calcium stearate reduce the viscosity of molten plastic... 

Amorphous bisphenol-A polyarylates are soluble in dioxane and in chlorinated solvents such as CH2C12, 1,2-dichlororethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane while semicrystalline and liquid crystalline wholly aromatic polyesters are only sparingly soluble in solvents such as tetrachloroethane-phenol mixtures or pentafluorophenol, which is often used for inherent viscosity determinations. 

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