Viscosic acid

Antioxidants are used to retard the reaction of organic materials with atmospheric oxygen. Such reaction can cause degradation of the mechanical, aesthetic, and electrical properties of polymers loss of flavor and development of rancidity ia foods and an iacrease ia the viscosity, acidity, and formation of iasolubles ia lubricants. The need for antioxidants depends upon the chemical composition of the substrate and the conditions of exposure. Relatively high concentrations of antioxidants are used to stabilize polymers such as natural mbber and polyunsaturated oils. Saturated polymers have greater oxidative stabiUty and require relatively low concentrations of stabilizers. Specialized antioxidants which have been commercialized meet the needs of the iadustry by extending the useflil Hves of the many substrates produced under anticipated conditions of exposure. The sales of antioxidants ia the United States were approximately 730 million ia 1990 (1,2). 

Finally, candidate lubricants containing the antioxidants are tested in fleets of automobiles for thousands of miles. The engines are dismantled and examined for wear and coatings of varnish and other deposits. The lubricant is evaluated for sludge, viscosity, acidity, etc. Since evaluation in automobiles is expensive and time-consuming it is reserved for only the most promising candidates. Oxygen uptake tests are also used to measure oxidative stabiUty (28). 

Harris, L.E. "High Viscosity Acidic Treating Fluids and Methods of Forming and Using the Same," US Patent 4,324,668(1982). 

The above description stresses either chemical reactions in these combinations or physical interactions between components. In reality there is still additional effect which may induce changes to structure and thus properties. It is a commonly known effect of fillers on the nucleation of polymers. It can be perceived that filler does not affect nucleation of both polymers with the same intensity. In addition, the availability of polymers at the interface with fillers depends on various parameters such as viscosity, acid/base interaction, etc. If these two are included in the number of combinations, there is a theoretical abundance of possible combinations and thus... 

End point (1899) n. (1) Maximum distillation temperature when a substance is distilled. (2) Stoichiometric point as shown by an indicator, potentiometer or other means, in a titration. (3) Required values of viscosity, acid values, etc., the attainment of which indicates the conclusion of a process in resin or varnish manufacturing. 

Temperatures, pressures and flow rates are measured on-line (Figure 1). Furthermore the reaction is followed by on-line determination of viscosity, acid value and carboxyl number. The water content in the liquid polymer is found by off-line analysis. 

The objective in this study was to compare the long-term performance of these oils. To do this, changes in chemical and physical properties of the used oils were monitored using American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) standard test methods [2]. Typically, used engine oil analyses include measurements of viscosity, acid and base numbers, water, glycol, soot, and metals content. In addition to the standard tests, fuel economy, deposit-forming tendencies, and friction and wear characteristics were determined on new and used oil samples in this study. 

Analysis to determine whether the oil is suitable for further service is based on a comparison between the used oil and the new oil. Increases in viscosity, acidity, and development of insoluble contaminants are usually indicators that oxidation has occurred. 

Process control of alkyd manufacture depends on rapid measurement of acid number and viscosity. Acid number is expressed as the milligrams of KOH required to neutralize free fatty acid in 1 g of alcohol. Acid number and viscosity are plotted to determine the proper end point. When the resin has achieved the desired end point, it is pumped to a thinning tank. 

Viscosin and viscosic acid were oxidized with chromic acid and the amino acids obtained after hydrolysis of the oxidation products were analyzed. AHothreonine was found only in the products arising from viscosin, showing that the hydroxyl group of the amino acid was protected by esterification with the carboxyl group of isoleucine in the antibiotic. 

With viscous fingering, a fracture is first created with a viscous gelled water pad. Acid with lower viscosity is then injected into the created fracture. The lower-viscosity acid fingers through the viscous pad rapidly and vmevenly, thereby penetrating deeply and etching the fracture lace vmevenly. 

C. W., and B. D. Miller. 1974. New, low viscosity acid in oil emulsions. Paper SPE 5159, presented at the Society of Petroleum Engineers National Meeting and Exhibition, Houston. Ford, W. G. F. 1981. Foamed acid—an effective stimulation fluid. Journal of Petroleum Technology. July 7. 

Viscous fingering is a method in which the formation is first hydraulically fractured with a nonreactive, high-viscosity gel, normally cross-linked gelled water. This is used to create the desired fracture geometry (i.e., length, height, and width) and to cool the formation to slow subsequent reaction of the acid injected. Next, lower-viscosity acid (HCl or an HCl-organic acid blend) is pumped into the created fracture. 

Add Treatment with acids in order to randomly hydrolyze starch molecules Reduces viscosity (acid thinning) and produces firmer gels Confectionary industry (filUngs for candies) and paper coatings ... 

Asphaltenes were obtained from two different crude oils, one coming from the Norwegian Continental Shelf (crude A) and one coming from South West Africa (crude B). Their precipitation was performed in a 1 20 excess of n-pentane with a double filtration through a 0.45 pm Millipore filter. Asphaltenes were washed carefully with n-pentane to remove impurities. The original crude oils were analyzed with respect to SARA components, density, viscosity, acidity and water content. 

Variations in the slope of the viscosity-acid concentration Hnes with the increase in 2(804)3 concentration. 

There are many advantages in using a bulky difunctional monomer such as BIS-GMA, rather than a smaller monofunctional monomer, such as MMA for example, better marginal adaptability (due to less shrinkage on polymerization) and a probably lower order of toxicity because of reduced volatility and tissue penetration. These desirable properties of BIS-GMA are partially nullified by the high viscosity of the monomer which necessitates the use of diluent comonomers to achieve a workable viscosity for the monomer system. Unfortunately, the dilution of BIS-GMA also results in an increase in polymerization shrinkage. In addition, as obtained commercially, BIS-GMA is not in a high state of putity, as evidenced by batch to batch variations in color, viscosity, acid number, etc. The fact that BIS-GMA itself is... 

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