SARA components

Data published on cmde-oil composition are often based on SARA components. This is illustrated in Table 1. Variations arise from the sources and the methods of extraction. Although the major components of cmde oil are flic same throughout the geologic origin, the proportions of the... 

SARA components and their chemistries differ from souree to souree. Figme 1 shows a sehematie of petroleum as represented by Pfeiffer and Saal (14). 

Karacan and Kok recently studied the pyrolysis of two crude oils and their SARA fraetions." Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry techniques were used to evaluate the pyrolysis behaviour of the feedstoeks. The results indicated that the pyrolysis mechanisms depend on the nature of the constituents. Thermogravimetric data showed that asphaltenes are the main contributors to coke formation and that resins are a second contributor. The weight loss for the SARA components was additive. The authors argued that each fraction in a whole crude oil follows its own reaction pathway and there is no interaction or S5mergy between the components. 

Aske, N., Hallevik, H., Sjoblom, J., (2001), Determination of Saturate, Aromatic, Resin, and Asphaltenic (SARA) components in crude oils by means of infrared and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Energy Fuels, 15,1304-1312. 

Asphaltenes were obtained from two different crude oils, one coming from the Norwegian Continental Shelf (crude A) and one coming from South West Africa (crude B). Their precipitation was performed in a 1 20 excess of n-pentane with a double filtration through a 0.45 pm Millipore filter. Asphaltenes were washed carefully with n-pentane to remove impurities. The original crude oils were analyzed with respect to SARA components, density, viscosity, acidity and water content. 

ELF, a (3-Spectrin, is a key component of TGF- 3 signaling that functions to recruit Smads to the receptor by controlling the subcellular localization of Smad 3 and Smad 4. Interestingly, ELF does not appear to interact with SARA or filamin, and in elf mutants, SARA and filamin distribution is the same as in wild-type mice. Thus, TGF- 3 signaling through R-Smad/ ELF interactions may work by way of a different mechanism than that of SARA and filamin. 

Figure 55. Separation of the overall oxidation curve into its two components a relaxation part [according to Eq. [30]] responsible for the initial shape of the curve, and a diffusion part [Eq. [39]], which controls the final shape of the chronocoulogram. (Reprinted from T. F. Otero and H.-J. Grande, Reversible 2D to 3D electrode transition in polypyrrole films. Colloid Surf. A. 134, 85, 1998, Figs. 4-9. Copyright 1998. Reproduced with kind permission of Elsevier Science-NL, Sara Burgerhartstraat 25, 1055 Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)...

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know (EPCRA). This 1986 act was a component of the (SARA), and it mandates that the use of hazardous materials in a manufacturing operation is preceded by the provision of information on the intent-to-use to regulatory authorities and the local community. This information is usually supplemented with a response plan addressing the actions that would be taken in the event of a spill or other release. 

Similar solubility phenomena can also be observed for the resins. The sample for resin separation after removal of asphaltenes is normally applied as a solution in nC5. However, after the removal of the oil, the fractions obtained from the ion exchangers show a marked decline in solubility in the same solvent. Also, if resin separation is done by the SARA method, the tetrahydro-furan fraction is hardly soluble in nC5. This again shows the solubility criterion to be a function of several variables the removal of some of the solubilizing components of the resins renders the remainder insoluble. 

Ecological risk assessment is an integral part of theRI/FS process, which is designed to support risk management decision-making for Superfund sites. (The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 [CERCLA, or Superfund], as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 [SARA], authorizes the USEPA to protect public health and welfare, and the environment from the release or potential release of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.) The RI component of the process characterizes the nature and extent of contamination at a hazardous waste site and estimates risks to human health and the environment posed by contaminants at the site. The FS component... 

Uses Polyol for two-component waterborne PU concrete coatings Features Zero VOC produces coatings with very fast cure profile, good pot life should be cured with a water-disp. aliphatic isocyanate crosslinker Regulatory DOT nonregulated SARA 312 immediate health hazard, 313 nonreportable... 

Storage Store away from heat Uses Dielectric gas propellant, aerating agent for foamed or sprayed food prods. refrigerant gas component solvent Reguiatory FDA 21CFR 173.345 SARA 313 reportable... 

Regulatory SARA 313 nonreportable (for components) no HAPs or ozone depleters... 

SARA 302 No chemicals in this material are subject to the reporting requirements of SARA Title III, Section 302. SARA 313 Components... 

The following components are subject to reporting levels established by SARA Title III, Section 313 ... 

Conversion (upgrading) of bitumen and heavy oils to distillate products requires reduction of the MW and boiling point of the components of the feedstocks. The chemistry of this transformation to lighter products is extremely complex, partly because the petroleum feedstocks are complicated mixtures of hydrocarbons, consisting of 10 to 10 different molecules. Any structural information regarding the chemical nature of these materials would help to understand the chemistry of the process and, hence, it would be possible to improve process yields and product quality. However, because of the complexity of the mixture, the characterization of entire petroleum feedstocks and products is difficult, if not impossible. One way to simpHfy this molecular variety is to separate the feedstocks and products into different fractions (classes of components) by distillation, solubility/insolubility, and adsorption/desorption techniques. For bitumen and heavy oils, there are a number of methods that have been developed based on solubility and adsorption. The most common standard method used in the petroleum industry for separation of heavy oils into compound classes is SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) analysis. Typical SARA analyses and properties for Athabasca and Cold Lake bitumens, achieved using a modified SARA method, are shown in Table 1. For comparison, SARA analysis of Athabasca bitumen by the standard ASTM method is also shown in this table. The discrepancy in the results between the standard and modified ASTM methods is a result of the aromatics being eluted with a... 

The chemistry of resid upgrading is extremely complicated. " This is in part due to the complexity of the ehemical nature of the feedstoeks. In order to understand the chemistry of upgrading, it would be helpful to reduee this complexity prior to reaction, by separating the feedstocks (bitumen and heavy oils) into well-known components such as SARA - saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes - which are useful tools in understanding bitumen chemistry. 

The federal Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA Title III) and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA) have several components that are of direct relevance to the use of chemicals. First, they address community emergency planning in event of a hazardous chemical release. There is also provision for emergency notification of state officials of a spill or release of any chemical above a specified amount (referred to as a reportable... 

Analytical methods such as thin layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID) (Karlsen barter, 1991) are widely used in the oil industry. These solubdity based separation methods allow for the investigation of crude oil components based on polarity. However they can yield very different amounts of Saturates, Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltenes (SARA) depending on the nature of solvents used in the sepraration. At a p>anel discussion on standardization of petroleum fractions held at the 2009 Petrophase conference, a need to unify and improve the separation methods for asphaltenes and resins was expressed (Merino-Garcia et al., 2010). The diversity of operating definitions employed and measurement variability affect the ability of researchers to determine whether compound classes are present and to draw cross-comp>arisons among measurements from different... 

These components can be separated by simple technique known as SARA analysis (Saturated, Aromatic, Resin and Asphaltenes). Some examples of the resin and asphaltenes that can be separated by using SARA analysis of are given in Figure 7a b. The SARA analysis process is shown in Figure 8. Particles such as silica, clay, iron oxides, etc. can be... 

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