Viruses morphogenesis

Grimley, P.M., Moss, B. Similar effect of rifampin and other rifamycin derivatives on vaccinia virus morphogenesis. J. Virol. 8, 225 (1971)... 

Moyer RW. The role of the host cell nucleus in vaccinia virus morphogenesis. Virus Res. 1987 8 173-191. 

King, J. and Ousiens, S. (1974) Catalytic head assembling protein in virus morphogenesis. Nature, 251,112-119. 

Sarov, L, and Joklik, W., 1973, Isolation and characterization of intermediates in vaccinia virus morphogenesis. Virology 52 223. 

It is thus considered that the simplest virus morphogenesis which actually exists requires at least two genes localized in virus RNA. 

Carpenter WM, Bilimoria SL (1983), A semi-permissive nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection characterization of infection kinetics and morphogenesis, Virology 130 227-231. 

Mackinnon EA, Henderson JF, Stoltz DB, Faulkner P (1974), Morphogenesis of nuclear polyhedrosis virus under conditions of prolonged passage in vitro, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 49 419-435. 

In biological systems, the size and shape of smaller components is often controlled (morphogenesis) to produce self-assemblies (e.g., cellular vesicles, viruses, and phages). As noted by Stryer [150] and others [151], many of these biological... 

Courageot, M P, Frenkiel, M P, Dos Santos, C D, Deubel, V, Despres, P, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors reduce dengue virus production by affecting the initial steps of virion morphogenesis in the endoplasmatic reticulum, J. Virol, 74, 564-572, 2000. 

The tailspike protein from bacteriophage P22 is well suited for the second approach. The tailspike is a structural protein of P22. It is the last protein to bind to virus capsids during morphogenesis. The tailspike is also an endorhamnosidase which cleaves the 0-antigen protruding from its host cell Salmonella upon... 

In addition to the bacterial interactomes, the protein-protein interactions of the bacteriophage have been well studied using Y2H assays. About 27 proteins of the bacteriophage T7 have been studied most of these proteins are involved in the morphogenesis of the bacterial virus. 

Rifamycins are microbial-derived macrolides that were isolated in 1957 from the actinomycete Streptomyces mediterranei, obtained from the soil of the pine forests of southern France [18]. Of these, rifamycin B (306) is the least toxic. Addition of diethylbarbituric acid to the fermentation medium results in the production of 306 only. Rifampicin is the C3-hydazone semisynthetic derivative of rifamycins. Rifamycins show in vitro and in vivo anti-poxyviruses, e.g., VV activities [18]. These activities are apparently due to inhibition of the early step of viral morphogenesis which affects the assembly of immature viral particles. The inhibitory activity of rifamycins on retroviruses is also reported [18]. Many natural and semisynthetic rifamycins inhibit the virion RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RT) [18]. Rifamycin B (306) was reported active against murine sarcoma virus (MSV) due to its RT, focus formation and cell transformation inhibitory activities [18]. Rifamycin antibiotics also inhibit the RT of Rauuscher leukemia virus, preventing its leukomogenic activity [18]. 

Gliedman JB, Smith JF, Brown DT. Morphogenesis of Sindbis virus in cultured Aedes albopictus cells. J Virol. 1975 16 913-926. 

Machesky LM, Cole NB, Moss B, Pollard TD (1994b) Vaccinia virus expresses a novel profilin with a higher affinity for polyphosphoinositides than actin. Biochemistry 33 10815-10824 Mahoney NM, Janmey PA, Almo SC (1997) Structure of the profilin-poly-L-proline complex involved in morphogenesis and cytoskeletal regulation. Nat Struct Biol 4 953-960 Mammoto A, Sasaki T, Asakura T, Hotta I, Imamura H, et al (1998) Interactions of drebrin and gephyrin with profilin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 243 86-89... 

Bacteriophages are also one of the most convenient materials to study macromolecular interactions. Although the host provides most of the machinery needed for the transcription and translation of the invading genome, as well as some factors for morphogenesis, many of the functions required for phage maturation are virus-specific gene products. 

The morphogenesis of phage particles is a model not only for the assembly of organelles but also for regulation of protein specificity and nucleic acid-protein interactions. The advantage of this over other models is that the study of virus assembly is amenable to a wider variety of chemical, physical and genetic techniques. 

Additionally to these effects, the morphogenesis of endogenous, previously unexpressed viruses could be observed in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells after in vivo (Figs. 37-39) or in vitro administration of I. Whereas in untreated tumor cells no viruses were detectable by morphological means, complete virus particles of type A were formed within 24 to 28 h after substance application (Figs. 37-39). They crowded the cytoplasm of many tumor cells 2 days after substance apphcation and later. 

Intracytoplasmic virus particles of type A were detectable in tumor cells 24 h after substance application and later, forming large assemblages within the cytoplasm (Fig. 47). Because untreated tumor cells were always virus-free, the morphogenesis of type A viruses was apparently stimulated by application of I in a similar way as described in the case of animal Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Some of the virus particles in human... 

Viruses may produce their cytopathologic effects not only through an interference with host cell metabolism, but also through a disruption of the host cell cytoskeleton. Microscopic studies of reo-virus-infected cells indicate that cytological changes accompany reovirus multiplication and morphogenesis (Rhim et al., 1962 Spendlove et al., 1963). 

Schroeder C. Cholesterol-binding viral proteins in virus entry and morphogenesis. Subcell Biochem. 2010 51 77-108. 

Those aspects of DNA synthesis which have a direct bearing on our analysis of mechanisms of morphogenesis (replication of DNA during reproduction of viruses and phages, during division of the bacterial chromosome, during mitosis, and so on) will be examined in the appropriate chapters. 

Molecular-Genetic Mechanisms of Reproduction and Morphogenesis of Viruses... 

In the course of our examination of the morphogenesis and reproduction of viruses we shall follow the chemical principle of classification suggested by Cooper (1961), based on chemical structure of the genetic macromolecule of the virus (RNA, s ingle-stranded DNA, double-helical DNA) and their classification in accordance with the principal evolutionary groups (viruses of plants, of animals, and of bacteria). Viruses of bacteria are usually called bacteriophages. 

Mechanisms of Morphogenesis of the Simplest Ribonucleoprotein (Two-Component) Viruses of Plants... 

The "ontogenesis" of the simplest virus, as a process of definite development, of increasing the complexity of its organization, its elementary morphogenesis, thus consists of two processes one structural component of the virus, namely its RNA molecule (parent RNA) carries out the sjmthesis of two heterogeneous structures in the host cell, both different from the parent RNA itself a) complementary RNA (replica RNA) and b) virus-specific protein, or two-three proteins complementary RNA later is used to synthesize virus-specific RNA. 

Mechanisms of Morphogenesis of RNA-Containing Viruses of Animal Cells... 

The composition of many animal viruses is much more complex than that of the simplest plant viruses, and their morphogenesis consists of a large number of stages. Despite their complexity, the RNA of these viruses, like that of plant viruses, possesses infectivity, i. e., the whole program of intracellular development is contained in the virus RNA mol-e cule. 

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