Enterprise, virtual

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Infrastructure differences lie along the horizontal axis in Figure 25.2. Steven Morris and Denise Johnson McManus describe this situation as a barrier to constructing the virtual enterprise — one that is a network of companies brought together quickly in response to a business opportunity. In particular, they warn that development of internal technology reliant on a first-world infrastructure may limit options for expansion to places where that infrastmcture does not exist. 

Virtual enterprise A team of individual companies organized to meet a market opportunity as if they were all part of the same company with a common goal. 

Robb, Drew, The virtual enterprise how companies use technology to stay in control of a virtual supply chain, Information Strategy The Executive s Journal, Summer 2003, pp- 6-11. 

In order for multiple enterprises to collaborate around an idea (e.g. the notion of a virtual enterprise), decision tools must be designed that help identify and exploit competitive and comparative advantages of partnerships. Parker [57] gives an example of a Father s Day gift developed from the formation of a coalition of a TurtleWax product with a Hallmark card packaged by an out-... 

The present chapter aims to present the basic concepts behind Collaborative Engineering in the context of Product Development, for helping one reason whether the benefits of collaboration may overweight burdens such as lack of control and other inherent risks. The following sections categorize collaboration ventures, such as virtual enterprises and extended enterprises, which have been attracting attention since the 90 s. Furthermore, current developments in technology to support collaboration are explored, as well as future trends. 

In this section, the fundamental concepts of Collaborative Engineering are covered. Firstly, the distinctions between similar terms such as coordination, cooperation and collaboration are presented. Then, the types of collaborative ventures, such as virtual enterprises and crowdsourcing, are defined. 

There are three types of virtual enterprises (VEs) Short-term VE, Extended Enterprise and Consortium VE [16]. Short-term VEs would be set up for responding to specific market needs. A project would be split into several linked modules, to be addressed by each partner. Extended enterprises comprise supply networks, which are engaged in several projects over a more sustained period of time. Consortium VEs combine core competences to obtain work. 

Thompson proposes a practical taxonomy of collaborative endeavours [17]. For him, Virtual Business Networks (or VBN) are companies coming together to cooperate to achieve some shared business goal by forming networks enabled by various forms of web-based technology. VBNs appear in many guises and names such as Collaborative Networks, Virtual Clusters, Virtual Enterprise Networks, Collaborative Supply Chains, Networked Enterprises and Star Alliances. 

Thompson s classification yet suggests eight different kinds of VBN Collaborative Supply Chain (CSC), Collaborative Supplier Network (CSN), Collaborative Product Development Network (CPDN), Enhanced Trade Association (ETA), Incubation and Acceleration Network (IAN), Subcontracting and Partnership Exchange (SPX), Technology-Led Ecosystem (TLE), and Virtual Enterprise Network (VEN). 

Lomas CDW (2009) A design framework for agile virtual enterprise collabmatiorL PhD thesis, Durham University... 

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Bondar S, Ruppert C, Stjepandic J (2014) Ensuring data quality beyond change management in virtual enterprise, Int J Agile Sys Manag 7(3-4) 304—323... 

In many industries (automotive, aerospace, shipbuilding) product development usually takes place in global development partnerships. Original equipment manufacturers (OEM) conduct the development of new products at many locations in several countries across the world. Furthermore, a variable number of external service providers and suppliers take part in individual projects (see Chap. 7). Most relationships in a supply network which acts like a virtual enterprise are temporary, extinct by the end of project, while the contract can be renewed or expire (Fig. 18.2) [17]. In the latter case today s a project partner can become tomorrow s harshest competitor [1]. 

The authors consider the scenario above as really important and propose a prototype for the virtual enterprises as the basis of a large scale virtual community. The prototype presents several advantages the multimodal interfaces guarantee, and combines the speech and ink formats to facilitate the creation of robust and efficient multimodal mobile E-Business systems. 

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