Vinyl terpolymers

Carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are added also to the polymer chain to increase compatibility with other resinous materials such as melamine, alkyds, urethanes, etc. Some cases of incompatibility between polymers may not originate from polymer chemistry but rather from solvent strength. If a vinyl terpolymer in a ketone solvent system is mixed with another polymer system which is dissolved primarily in (for example) an alcohol, the solvent mixture may be too lean for the vinyl which will precipitate out or develop a hazy film. 

Figure 11. Vinyl terpolymer (FPC 470) in ketone solvents (Brookfield...

Figure 12. Solubility characteristics of a vinyl terpolymer (Brookfield LVF viscometer)...

Figure 22. Solubility characteristics of a carboxyl containing vinyl terpolymer (FPC 470) in ketone/ toluene blends at cO wt % solids (Brookfield LVF viscometer)...

Substrates Sealed. Aqueous polymer solutions were coated on Estar base, which had been precoated with a subbing layer (5), to produce a 0.5-mil dry film thickness, then sealed to cellulose acetate, which had been precoated with another subbing layer (6). These subbing layers were vinyl terpolymers which were synthesized from acrylonitrile, vinyli-dene chloride, and acrylic acid. 

Solution vinyl systems have been used for many years to coat metal parts. Since we have a volatile organic solvent in the system, we have to ensure that (1) the tank remains cool and (2) we have a small liquid surface to prevent premature solvent evaporation. The carboxyl-containing vinyl terpolymers do not need an additional vinyl-to-metal primer. 

Several fluoroolefin-vinyl terpolymers have been developed based on the Lumi-flon polymer [2.32]-[2.35] ... 

Organic peroxides are used in the polymer industry as thermal sources of free radicals. They are used primarily to initiate the polymerisation and copolymerisation of vinyl and diene monomers, eg, ethylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, acryUc acid and esters, methacrylic acid and esters, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, and butadiene (see Initiators). They ate also used to cute or cross-link resins, eg, unsaturated polyester—styrene blends, thermoplastics such as polyethylene, elastomers such as ethylene—propylene copolymers and terpolymers and ethylene—vinyl acetate copolymer, and mbbets such as siUcone mbbet and styrene-butadiene mbbet. 

Over 70% of the total volume of thermoplastics is accounted for by the commodity resins polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) (1) (see Olefin polymers Styrene plastics Vinyl polymers). They are made in a variety of grades and because of their low cost are the first choice for a variety of appHcations. Next in performance and in cost are acryhcs, ceUulosics, and acrylonitrile—butadiene—styrene (ABS) terpolymers (see... 

Commercial poly(vinyl acetal)s are terpolymers with varying amounts of vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol units remaining on the backbone after acetaH2ation. The class can be represented by the foUowing stmcture, showing acetal (1), vinyl alcohol (2), and vinyl acetate (3) units. 

Poly(vinyl acetate) homopolymers adhere well to porous or ceUulosic surfaces, eg, wood, paper, cloth, leather (qv), and ceramics (qv). Homopolymer films tend to creep less than copolymer or terpolymer films. They are especially suitable in adhesives for high speed packaging operations. 

Special vinyl acetate copolymer paints have been developed with gready improved resistance to blistering or peeling when immersed in water. This property allows better cleaning and use in very humid environments. These lattices exhibit the water resistance of higher priced acryUc resins (150). VAc, vinyl chloride—ethylene terpolymers have been developed which provide the exterior resistance properties of vinyl chloride with the dexibiUty of the ethylene for exterior paint vehicles (151). 

Terpolymers have been made with vinyl chloride—vinyUdene chloride (21) and vinyl acetate—vinyl alcohol (22). 

Fig. 3. The percent volume swell in benzene after seven days at 21°C compared with the wt % of fluorine on standard recommended compounds. A, copolymers of vinyUdene fluoride—hexafluoropropylene B, terpolymers of vinyUdene fluoride—hexafluoropropylene—tetrafluoroethylene C, terpolymers of vinyhdene fluoride—hexafluoropropylene—tetrafluoroethylene-cure site monomer D, copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene—perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether)-cure...

In attempts to further improve the stability of fluorine-containing elastomers Du Pont developed a polymer with no C—H groups. This material is a terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) and, in small amounts, a cure site monomer of undisclosed composition. Marketed as Kalrez in 1975 the polymer withstands air oxidation up to 290-315°C and has an extremely low volume swell in a wide range of solvents, properties unmatched by any other commercial fluoroelastomer. This rubber is, however, very expensive, about 20 times the cost of the FKM rubbers and quoted at 1500/kg in 1990, and production is only of the order of 1 t.p.a. In 1992 Du Pont offered a material costing about 75% as much as Kalrez and marketed as Zalak. Structurally, it differs mainly from Kalrez in the choice of cure-site monomer. 

In the case of EVOH being used as an interlayer with polyethylene or polystyrene, it is necessary to use additional adhesive layers such as an ethylene-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride terpolymer (e.g. Orevac— Atochem). 

The nonionic monomer can be acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl acetamide, or dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate. Ionic monomers are AMPS, sodium vinyl sulfonate, and vinylbenzene sulfonate. The terpolymer should have a molecular weight between 200,000 to 1,000,000 Dalton. 

Similar copolymers with N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide as a comonomer have been proposed for hydraulic cement compositions [669]. The polymers consist of AMPS in an amount of 5% to 95%, vinylacrylamide in an amount of 5% to 95%, and acrylamide in an amount of 0% to 80%, all by weight. The polymers are effective at well bottom-hole temperatures ranging from 200° to 500° F and are not adversely affected by brine. Terpolymers of 30 to 90 mole-percent AMPS, 5 to 60 mole-percent of styrene, and residual acrylic acid are also suitable for well cementing operations [253]. 

Fluid loss additives such as solid particles and water-thickening polymers may be added to the drilling mud to reduce fluid loss from the well bore to the formation. Insoluble and partially soluble fluid loss additives include bentonite and other clays, starch from various sources, crushed walnut hulls, lignite treated with caustic or amines, resins of various types, gilsonite, benzoic acid flakes, and carefully sized particles of calcium borate, sodium borate, and mica. Soluble fluid loss additives include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), low molecular weight hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxy-methYlhydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), and sodium acrylate. A large number of water-soluble vinyl copolymers and terpolymers have been described as fluid loss additives for drilling and completion fluids in the patent literature. However, relatively few appear to be used in field operations. 

Controlling fluid loss loss is particularly important in the case of the expensive high density brine completion fluids. While copolymers and terpolymers of vinyl monomers such as sodium poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide-coacrylic acid) has been used (H)), hydroxyethyl cellulose is the most commonly used fluid loss additive (11). It is difficult to get most polymers to hydrate in these brines (which may contain less than 50% wt. water). The treatment of HEC particle surfaces with aldehydes such as glyoxal can delay hydration until the HEC particles are well dispersed (12). Slurries in low viscosity oils (13) and alcohols have been used to disperse HEC particles prior to their addition to high density brines. This and the use of hot brines has been found to aid HEC dissolution. Wetting agents such as sulfosuccinate diesters have been found to result in increased permeability in cores invaded by high density brines (14). 

The isoprene units in the copolymer impart the ability to crosslink the product. Polystyrene is far too rigid to be used as an elastomer but styrene copolymers with 1,3-butadiene (SBR rubber) are quite flexible and rubbery. Polyethylene is a crystalline plastic while ethylene-propylene copolymers and terpolymers of ethylene, propylene and diene (e.g., dicyclopentadiene, hexa-1,4-diene, 2-ethylidenenorborn-5-ene) are elastomers (EPR and EPDM rubbers). Nitrile or NBR rubber is a copolymer of acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene. Vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene and olefin-acrylic ester copolymers and 1,3-butadiene-styrene-vinyl pyridine terpolymer are examples of specialty elastomers. 

A systematic comparative study of triblock terpolymers in the bulk and thin-film state was carried out on polystyrene-fo-poly(2-vinyl pyridine)-b-poly(ferf-bulyl methacrylate), PS-fr-P2VP-fr-PfBMA. A diblock precursor with a minority of PS leading to a double gyroid structure was used. Upon increase of PfBMA content this morphology changed from lamellae with... 

A triblock terpolymer consisting of polyisoprene, deuterated PS and poly(vinyl methyl ether) shows a UCST behaviour between the first two blocks and an LOST behaviour between the last two blocks. Although the UCST was not... 

One component of a terpolymer of butadiene, styrene and vinyl pyridine used in latex form to promote good adhesion between rubber and textiles, particularly rayon and nylon. Viscoelasticity... 

Terpolymers of vinylidene fluoride, perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether), tetrafluoroethylene (VF2/PVME/TFE)... 

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