Vinyl copolymers, applications

PSt or PMMA, respectively, was coupled with polymethacrylate having a PEG side chain or methylammo-niumchloride side chain to prepare a block copolymer for giving a hydrophilic surface [55]. Also, PSt-b-PVP [36,37], PSt-b-(hydrophilic vinyl copolymer) [56], PSt-b-po y(sodium acrylate) (PNaA) [57], and PSt-b-PNaA-b-(polyperfluoroacrylate) (PFA) [58] were synthesized for the same application. 

Tetrafluoroethylene-(TFE)-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether copolymers, 7 641 Tetrafluoroethylene-perfluorovinyl ether, 48 329-339. See also Teflon PFA copolymerization of, 48 330—331 Tetrafluoroethylene-perfluorodioxole copolymers, 48 339—342. See also Teflon AF copolymers applications of, 48 342 economic aspects of, 48 341—342 health and safety factors related to, 48 342 monomer preparation, 48 339 synthesis of, 48 339-340 Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) copolymerization with... 

Lubrication oil additives represent another important market segment for maleic anhydride derivatives Maleic anhydride is used in a multitude of applications in which a vinyl copolymer is produced hy the copolymerization of maleic anhydride with other molecules having a vinyl functionality. The use of maleic anhydride in llie manufacture of agricultural chemicals has declined ill the L ,S. since the early 1980s. 

Vinyl chloride has gained worldwide importance because of its industrial use as the precursor to PVC. It is also used in a wide variety of copolymers. The inherent flame-retardant properties, wide range of plasticized compounds, and low cost of polymers from vinyl chloride have made it a significant industrial chemical. About 95% of current vinyl chloride production worldwide ends up in polymer or copolymer applications. Vinyl chloride also serves as a starling material for Uie synthesis of a variety of industrial compounds. The primary nonpolymeric uses of vinyl chloride are in the manufacture of vinylidene chloride and tri- and tetrachloroethylene. 

Perhaps the widest application is that of conventional high-resolution spectroscopy in solution for the purpose of learning in detail about polymer chain structure. In this field, proton NMR, formerly dominant, has given way to carbon-13 NMR with the development of pulse Fourier transform spectrometers with spectrum accumulation. Carbon spectroscopy is capable of giving very detailed and often quite sophisticated information. For example, a very complete accounting can be provided of comonomer sequences in vinyl copolymers and branches can be identified and counted, even at very low levels, in polyethylenes. 

The vinyl copolymers can be used most efficiently in special applications such as hospital and dental equipment where durability is more important than initial cost. For laboratory equipment, epoxy resins may be preferred because the vinyls are sensitive to some solvents. The vinyl coating systems consisting of corrosion-inhibiting primer and chemical-resistant finish coats are used on new equipment for chemical plants. The metal conditioner based on zinc chromate and polyvinylbutyral are widely used over sandblasted steel as a use for vinyl systems on both industrial and marine equipment. 

Vinyl copolymers substituted with -OH, -0-R, -0C(0)-R, -C(0)-R, or -C5H4N groups have various practical applications, depending on their composition. These applications include uses in glues, lacquers, protective films, flocculent agents, various formulations in cosmetics (e.g. poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone-co-ethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) is used in hair spray formulations, poly(1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone-co-1-eicosene) is used as a pigment dispersant in cosmetics), etc. A number of pyrolysis studies were done on these materials [43], etc. Some thermal properties of a few common vinyl copolymers are summarized in Table 6.5.14. 

In choosing a solvent blend, its effect on a soluble substrate is an important consideration. An example which illustrates this is the application of a vinyl copolymer ink to a low-molecular-weight polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film. The Commercial Solvents Corp. test for determining film substrate attack is given in Appendix B. This test method could be combined with an Instron to provide more exact detail on film strength loss. As shown by the data in Table VIII ... 

The last comprehensive review of the emulsion polymoization of vinyl acetate was published be El-Aasser and Vandeihoff in 1981[1]. Since this time improvements in processes, application characteristics and cost/pafcxmance of vinyl copolymers have made these latexes the largest selling class of binders for... 

Poly(vinyl acetate) is used for adhesives and as a wood glue (40% solution), as a raw material in lacquers and varnishes (dispersions), and as a concrete additive (in the form of a fine, dispersible powder obtained by spray drying). Poly(vinyl acetate) grades that are more resistant to hydrolysis are obtained by copolymerization with vinyl stearate or vinyl pivalate, since the saponification rate is reduced by the bulkier side groups. Pure poly(vinyl pivalate) has too high a glass transition temperature, 78 C, for most poly(vinyl ester) applications. Other copolymers of vinyl acetate are produced with ethylene (see Section 25.2.1) or vinyl chloride (see Section 25.7.5.3). 

The expressions are an outcome of the terminal model theory with several steady-state assumptions related to free-radical fiux (14,23). Based on copolymerization studies and reactivity ratios, chloroprene monomer is much more reactive than most vinyl and diene monomers (Table 1). 2,3-Dichloro-l,3-butadiene is the only commercially important monomer that is competitive with chloroprene in the free-radical copolymerization rate. 2,3-Dichlorobutadiene or ACR is used commercially to give crystallization resistance to the finished raw polymer or polymer vulcanizates. a-Cyanoprene (1-cyano-l,3-butadiene) and /3-cyanoprene (2-cyano-1,3-butadiene) are also effective in copolymerization with chloroprene but are difficult to manage safely on a commercial scale. Acrylonitrile and methacrylic acid comonomers have been used in limited commercial quantities. Chloroprene-isoprene and chloroprene-styrene copolymers were marketed in low volumes during the 1950s and 1960s. Methyl methacrylate has been utilized in graft polymerization particularly for vinyl adhesive applications. A myriad of other comonomers have been studied in chloroprene copolymerizations but those copolymers have not been used with much commercial success. 

Marconi W, Benvenuti F, Piozzi A. Covalent bonding of heparin to a vinyl copolymer for biomedical applications. Biomaterials June 1997 18(12) 885-90. 

CARBOXYL FUNCTIONAL VINYL COPOLYMER RESINS IN ADHESIVE APPLICATIONS... 

Lee, T.H., Lai, K.M., Leung, L.M. Hole-limiting conductive vinyl copolymers for AIQ 3-based OLED applications. Polymer 50, 4602-4611 (2009)... 

Flooring mastics based on nonorboxylated SBR HSL are employed primarily in carpet and mineral fiber or felt-backed vinyl glue-down apphcations over most common sub-floor surfaces. Such SBR based adhesives are not recommended for unbacked vinyl (PVC) applications due to plasticizer migration from PVC to the adhesive and bond loss issues. Conventional felt backings provide an effective barrier to plasticizer migration. In contrast, acrylic copolymer based floorplasticizer resistance is required. 

Nitrile mbber finds broad application in industry because of its excellent resistance to oil and chemicals, its good flexibility at low temperatures, high abrasion and heat resistance (up to 120°C), and good mechanical properties. Nitrile mbber consists of butadiene—acrylonitrile copolymers with an acrylonitrile content ranging from 15 to 45% (see Elastomers, SYNTHETIC, NITRILE RUBBER). In addition to the traditional applications of nitrile mbber for hoses, gaskets, seals, and oil well equipment, new applications have emerged with the development of nitrile mbber blends with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). These blends combine the chemical resistance and low temperature flexibility characteristics of nitrile mbber with the stability and ozone resistance of PVC. This has greatly expanded the use of nitrile mbber in outdoor applications for hoses, belts, and cable jackets, where ozone resistance is necessary. 

After brief discussion of the state-of-the-art of modern Py-GC/MS, some most recent applications for stixictural and compositional chai acterization of polymeric materials are described in detail. These include microstixictural studies on sequence distributions of copolymers, stereoregularity and end group chai acterization for various vinyl-type polymers such as polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate by use of conventional analytical pyrolysis. 

A substantial part of the market for the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is for hot melt adhesives. In injection moulding the material has largely been used in place of plasticised PVC or vulcanised rubber. Amongst applications are turntable mats, base pads for small items of office equipment and power tools, buttons, car door protector strips and for other parts where a soft product of good appearance is required. Cellular cross-linked EVA is used in shoe parts. 

Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers may be processed at lower temperatures than those used for the homopolymer. Their main applications were in gramophone records and flooring. Gramophone record compositions are unfilled... 

For many years vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers had two main uses, in flooring compositions and for long playing gramophone records. Whereas the former application remains strong, the use in gramophone records has dropped sharply, particularly since the widespread acceptance of polycarbonate-based compact discs. 

Copolymers of vinyl chloride with 2-10% propylene became available in the USA in 1973 (Sta-Flow by Air Products and Chemicals Inc.). Compared with the vinyl chloride homopolymer these copolymers have a reduced tendency to dehydrochlorination and thus improved heat stability. This is of importance both in application and during processing, and one particular claim made for these products is their ease of moulding. 

Of the higher vinyl ester homopolymers only poly(vinyl propionate) is currently believed to be of commercial value, being marketed as Propiofan (BASF) for surface coating application where greater alkali resistance is possible than with the normal vinyl acetate based copolymers. 

Properties and Applications of Vinylidene Chloride-Vinyl Chloride Copolymers ... 

Since some properties of the vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymers are greatly dependent on crystallisation and orientation it is convenient to consider the applications of these copolymers and then to discuss the properties of the products. 

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