Viewpoint capability

Chapter 1, The Role of Human Error in Chemical Process Safety, discusses the importance of reducing human error to an effective process safety effort at the plant. The engineers, managers, and process plant personnel in the CPI need to replace a perspective that has a blame and punishment view of error with a systems viewpoint that sees error as a mismatch between human capabilities and demands. 

Expls may be classified both from the chemical point of view and according to their uses. From the chemical viewpoint we distinguish between chemical individual substances and mixts. The former are divided into (1) nitro compds, (2) nitric esters, (3) nitramines, (4) derivatives of chloric and perchloric acids, (5) azides, and (6) various compds capable of pro-during an expln, for example fulminates, acetyl-ides, nitrogen rich compds such as tetrazene, peroxides and ozonides, etc... 

We should not minimize the effects that electronic searching of patents has had on the business of research. In 1990, CAS introduced MARPAT, which is a database of Markush (generic) structures found in patent documents [1]. This database provided a valuable tool for patent searching in a more comprehensive way than had been available previously. In 1995, CAS launched SciFinder, which provided access to the patent literature for chemists on their desktops. Using the SciFinder interface, one may search for research topics, authors, companies, or structures/reactions. From a practical viewpoint, SciFinder did more to enhance the searching capabilities of the medicinal chemist than any other tool. Even today, SciFinder continues to provide a first pass through the patent literature when chemists want to include patents in their searching. Indeed, when a search is performed, patent references are included in the answer set. Only very recently have there been additional tools to search the patent literature that have found widespread use. 

The functional characteristic of these compounds that is of interest from the viewpoint of textile processing is their capability to accommodate alkaline-earth and alkali metal cations, as well as a variety of other species, within their cavities. Stability constants (Equation 10.3) are again used, both as a measure of ligand strength and as a hierarchical indicator of... 

The reliable generation of deton press under 100 kilobars should offer advantages from an engineering viewpoint in applications where higher pressures are neither needed nor desired. Certain plastic/expl formulations described (Ref 1) offer these advantages in addition to others, such as the capability of being extruded or injection molded into difficult configurations and then polymerized in place. Expls included superfine PETN, acetone fine RDX, dextrinated LA and Thallous Azide... 

Evidently, the capability of cation-exchange and anion-exchange extraction, makes a great difference between ILs and conventional solvents. From a practical viewpoint, it may be both a benefit and a disadvantage, depending on the particular task. 

As described in the preceding section, asymmetric amplification has been reported in the non-autocatalytic enantioselective addition of dialkylzincs. In asymmetric autocatalysis, amplification of has a more significant role, because the product of the asymmetric autocatalysis itself is capable of acting as the asymmetric autocatalyst. Once the product, i.e. the asymmetric autocatalyst with an enhanced , is formed in the asymmetric autocatalytic reaction, the product catalyzes the formation of itself with higher . From the viewpoint of the molecule, an asymmetric autocatalyst with dominant absolute configuration catalyzes... 

Changes in the Optimal Institutions for Performing Research. The same factors which alter the type of research that the firm has an incentive to undertake also alter the institutional form within which that research may optimally be carried out. Last year, major chemicals firms announced the establishment of an industry-funded institute to undertake research on toxicology.(21 ) This represents a sharp break for the chemicals industry which traditionally has relied most heavily on in-house research capability. It seems explanable in part because of the shift in what is properly classifiable from the viewpoint of the... 

The laser recorded information is preserved for a long time if the sample is cooled below Tg. From this viewpoint LC polymers differ usefully from low-molecular liquid crystals. The information storage time in the devices based on low-molecular liquid crystals do not usually exceed a few days. The described effects demonstrate the capabilities for the control of structural and optical properties of LC polymeric materials. 

From the theoretical viewpoint, much of the phase behaviour of blends containing block copolymers has been anticipated or accounted for. The primary approaches consist of theories based on polymer brushes (in this case block copolymer chains segregated to an interface), Flory-Huggins or random phase approximation mean field theories and the self-consistent mean field theory. The latter has an unsurpassed predictive capability but requires intensive numerical computations, and does not lead itself to intuitive relationships such as scaling laws. 

Of these, the first two place demands on the processing speed of the knowledge-based system and its integration with the environment, eg, data acquisition interfaces. The third impacts on the nature of the computational cycle and the system s ability to reschedule its own computations. The latter two place demands on the representation and reasoning capabilities of the system, and are the most interesting from a knowledge-based system viewpoint. 

But which viewer would know that Rudolf had not only not denied, but had actually denounced the frequent injustices that did occurred at that time 618 And who would notice that the pictures proved nothing except that thousands in the concentration camps died from sickness and malnutrition Who noticed that no TV program ever showed a film or a picture of a gas chamber either in operation or capable of being put into operation—the only point in which Germar Rudolf holds a different viewpoint from media outfits such as Report ... 

The concept of dual-mode stimulation can be expanded further. It is possible to devise systems capable of existing in several forms (multistate) that can be intercon-verted by different external stimuli (multifunctional). Such systems can give rise to intricate networks of reactions that, when examined from the viewpoint of molecular-level devices"1311 reveal very interesting properties.1321... 

This is apparent in the case of industrial systems [6]0, which are making increasing use of the capabilities offered by open networks for remotely accessing sensors and actuators for their operation and maintenance. Control and supervision systems are typically embedded in other critical infrastructures electric power, potable water, oil and gas, railways, etc. The potential advantages from the economic and functional viewpoints are unquestionable less often studied are the risks that these connections might... 

There is a deficiency in standard terminology, and no recognized reference body of knowledge [14]0. This hinders the possibility to conduct assessments that can reflect all the legitimate viewpoints on the problem. This is not just a theoretical issue the very capabilities of a country to identify and qualify critical assets, and to develop coherent risk management and CII assurance policies depend on the clarification of these questions. 

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