Nitro compds

Analytical. Mannitol Hexanitrate can be hydrolyzed in basic soln and the soln acidified in the presence of NITRON to quanty ppt NITRON nitrate (Ref 16). A procedure is described for. the quant detn of nitrate esters, including Mannitol Hexanitrate, in the presence of aromatic nitro compds in Ref 17. It gives a yellow color when treated in et ale or acet with 5% aq K hydroxide, then 5% aq ammonia (Ref 24), It can be quanty detd by reduction with Devarda s alloy (Encycl 5, D-l 110) or A1 wire in aq et ale and titration of the evolved... 

Solubility. No quant data is in the literature. In Ref 11, p 19 die order of decreasing soly is given as w, ketones, ales)) esters) organic acids, aliphatic nitro compds) ethers, chlorinated hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons. Within each class the solubility decreases with increasing chain length... 

Melinite. Fr expl used in shells. The original Melinite was composed of 70ps PA mixed with 3Ops NC, disd in acet or eth-alc (Ref 1). Later Melinites were either 100% PA or PA to which small quantities of other aromatic nitro-compds were added in order to reduce the mp of PA (120—122°), thus facilitating casting operations (see under Picric Acid)... 

Hg Salt. It is prepd by the action of Hg(ll) monoxide In eth on the free nitro compd, yield 86%, mp 147° (Ref 6). It reacts with K hydroxide or K iodide to give the K salt of fluorodi-nitromethane, and with H chloride or w to regenerate the free nitro compd (Ref 3)... 

Chemical Reactions. It is readily oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to the nitro compd (Ref 4). 

C-nitration, in which a nitro group is attached to a carbon atom to form a nitro compd,... 

To keep product yield at a maximum it is important that the solubility of product in the spent acid be kept to a minimum. This also facilitates removal of traces of product from the spent acid so that it can be either fortified and reused, reused to make lower nitro compds, or neutralized and discharged as non-polluting waste material... 

Uses. Since 1947, 70 to 85% of the annual USA production of nitric acid has gone into the production of NH4 nitrate fertilizer, initially in the form of solid prills currently, increasing amounts have been supplied mixed with excess ammonia and/or urea as aqueous nitrogen solution for direct application to the soil. Some 15% is used in explsj (nitrates nitro compds), and about 10% is consumed by the chemical industry. As the red fuming acid or as nitrogen tetroxide, nitric acid is used extensively as the oxidizer in proplnts for rocketry. It is estimated that current USA capacity for nitric acid is in excess of 10 million tons (Refs 30, 34, 36 37)... 

This usually occurs when all the acid was not neutralized in the washing process, and remains in the finished product to react with the nitro-compd in storage... 

Paragon. Mixt of K perchlorate 60, nitro compds 10, sawdust or cereal flour 20, Na chloride 6, and powdered Zn-Al alloy 4%... 

Aubertein Rehling (Ref 15) have shown that treatment with water at approx 100° causes PETN to hydrolyze. At 125° and under pressure, hydrolysis proceeds quite quickly, and is considerably enhanced by the presence of 0.1% HNO3. Regardless of whether it occurs in water alone or in water acidified with nitric acid, the hydrolysis produces mainly Penta-erythritol Dinitrate. A dil NaOH soln causes PETN to hydrolyze.more rapidly than acidified water. PETN neither reduces Fehling s reagent nor enters into addition products with any aromatic nitro compd. In this respect it differs from both Erythritol Tetranitrate and Nitro-mannitol... 

The authors suggest that the deleterious effect of nitro compds is due to the lowering of... 

B. Muhlefeld, SS 16, 113-5 (1921) CA 16, 496 (1922) (The term chlorate explosives is applied to expls contg either chlorates or perchlorates. Among expls contg perchlorates are cited some contg K perchlorate and Amm perchlorate, varying from 10 to 55%, plus nitro-compds, carbonaceous materials, AN, etc)... 

Expls may be classified both from the chemical point of view and according to their uses. From the chemical viewpoint we distinguish between chemical individual substances and mixts. The former are divided into (1) nitro compds, (2) nitric esters, (3) nitramines, (4) derivatives of chloric and perchloric acids, (5) azides, and (6) various compds capable of pro-during an expln, for example fulminates, acetyl-ides, nitrogen rich compds such as tetrazene, peroxides and ozonides, etc... 

N = 0 in nitro compds, nitric acid esters and salts... 

It is also well known from the classic work of L. Wohler and Wenzelberg (Ref 3) that the sensitivity to impact of aromatic nitro compds increases with increase in the number of sub-... 

Pieper Explosives. Safety expls patented in 1893—94 in Fr. A blend of aromatic nitro-compds with AN, using a solvent common to both ingredients. The incorporation of a small amt of ale in some expls was recommended. One of these expls was Ronsalite (qv)... 

Many have the value 52.48. The intercepts are zero for the benzenes and for the acid amides, but the slopes differ slightly, being 52.4 51.8 respectively. The line having intercept zero and slope 50.3 fits all types of nitro compds without particular constants... 

Janovsky Test. Color reactions produced by treating aromatic nitro compds with hot" cold alcoholic NaOH or KOH and acetonic NaOH solns. A table of color reactions of some nitro compds is given in Ref 2. See Janovsky s Reagent under COLOR REACTIONS and COLOR REAGENTS in Vol 3 of Encycl, p C405-R... 

Thomas (Ref 5) claims systems useful for propulsion of rocket shells, JATO airborne vehicles, consisting of a mixt of finely divided MeN03 with fuels which are nitro compds, such as NGu, Amm Picrate, etc. The addn of A1 can modify burning characteristics. Binders are. chlorinated polyphenyls or urea resins. The ingredients are milled on rolls just hot enough to soften the resin and then the mixt is pelleted... 

Konovaloff Reaction. A color test for primary or secondary nitro-compds. Samples are treated with Na hydroxide soln, the salt formed is extrd with w, and ether is added to this extr. Upon dropwise addition of ferric chloride, a red to reddish-brown color develops in the ether... 

Although nitrolignin was used in early proplnts, mining expls and sporting powds (Refs 1 2), Urbariski (Ref 14) states that it is unsuitable for manufg nitro compds likely to be of practical value as expls... 

A process is described for producing aliphatic nitrates or nitro compds from the corresponding nitrites or nitrose compds by oxidation with N02 or O and N202 or NO. 

Chlotoethylene in Vol 3 of Encycl, p C255"R-Its 1-Nitro compd and Polymer of 1-Nitro. compd are described on p C256-L... 

N12.84% yel ndls (ale), mp 18i subl. Prepd by hitrating the parent, heating ethyliodide with. sodium -6Tnitro-2-quinolonate, or by the potassium ferri cyanide oxidation as with the 5-nitro compd... 

N15.97% Spears (ale), mp 197°(dec). Prepd from the 5-nitro compd by treatment with. fuming HNOa... 

N18.18% yel crysts (tol), mp 224°, sol in Warm NaOH diffc sol in hot ale. Prepd from the parent of the 6-nitro compd by vigorous nitration... 

Note There is no open literature reference to mono- or dinitrate derivatives of the parent or the nitro compd, but the nitro-dinitrate compd may have been prepd (mw 237.13,... 

N 17.72%, OB to C02 -37.1%), presumably by nitration of the nitro compd. Possibly the lack of interest is due to the attention paid to pentaeiythritol and its nitrared derivs which.have similar empirical formulas... 

Favarit. One of the names for Koronit, which was a Ger cxpl used during WWt, as supplement to nitro compds which were in short... 

Uses. Although NENO can be melted cast below 100°, Naoum does not consider it desirable to use it alone, due to formation of acidity, and recommends the addn of nitro compds, particularly nitramines. He... 

K. Szyc-Lewanska M Syczewski, Nitro Compds, ProcInternSymp, Warsaw 1963, 257 (Pub 1964 in Engl) ( Detd the Dinitrate to be a good polymerizer for Me methacrylate)... 

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