Vessels water cooling systems

Difluoro(fiuorosulfonyl)acetyl chloride (14g. 0.07 mol) was irradiated at 20 C for 12 h using a PRK-4 UV lamp in a quartz vessel provided with a water cooling system, a reflux condenser, a receiver cooled to — 78 "C, and a eudiometer. During this time 1550 mL of CO collected in the eudiometer. The contents of the receiver were distilled with a fractionating column yield 10 g (84"/o) bp 26.5 27 C. 

The experimental setup for synthesis of nanoparticles by pulsed electrical discharge submerged in a liquid consisted of a power supply system, a glass vessel and a water cooling system. The optimum distance between the electrodes was kept constant at approximately 0.3 mm to maintain a stable discharge. The power supply provided several types of discharges. The experiments described... 

Feed tank 2 Storage vessels (intermediate fractions) 3 Multitubular crystallizer 4 Recycle water vessel 5 Cooling system 6 Heating system... 

Reactor vessel auxiliary cooling system (RVACS) water model arrangement. 

Similarly, if a vessel is provided with a reliable and dependable water cooling system, i.e., firewater deluge spray, according to recognized... 

The thermal insulation of pre-stressed concrete vessels for water cooled systems Is today still In the development stage. Among the various proposals put forward, a gas gap Insulation rather than a wet insulation appears best suited for heavy... 

Two independent water-cooled secondary cooling systems are designed Air is used as the final heat sink by water/air heat exchangers. CLEAR-I incorporates a reactor vessel air cooling system to remove the decay heat in case the normal heat removal path is unavailable. 

Natural circulation was the most practical alternate cooling method if forced circulation was unavailable. Natural circulation rehes on buoyancy differences between hot and cool fluids. Heated water rising to the steam generator located above the Reactor Vessel would provide a driving force that would move the water out of the Reactor Vessel. Water cooled inside the steam generator would become more dense and sink to the reactor vessel, situated at a lower level. Theoretically, the process would work well. However, in the situation at TMI, it simply could not work because of the large volume of steam inside the RV. Natural circulation relied on the entire system containing liquid phase water. Therefore, the presence of the steam would prevent any coolant flow inside the TMI unit 2 reactor coolant system. Unfortunately, the operators were still unaware that steam was present in the RV (Kemeny, 1979). 

The production of benzylpenicillin is very sensitive to temperature. A lot of metabolic heat is generated and the fermentation temperature has to be reduced by controlled cooling. This heat transfer is achieved by circulating chilled water through banks of pipes inside the vessel (which also serve as baffles) or through external limpet coils on the jacket of the vessel. These coils consist of continuous lengths of pipe welded in a shallow spiral round the vessel. This cooling water system is also used to cool batched medium sterilized in the vessel prior to its inoculation. 

Softened water is often used for washing containers before filling with liquid or semi-solid preparations and for cooling systems. Unless precautions are taken, the microbial count in a cooling system or jacketed vessel will rise rapidly and if faults develop in the cooling plates or vessel wall, contamination of the product may occur. 

As it leaves the still, distilled water is flee fixm microorganisms, and contamination occurs as a result of a fault in the cooling system, the storage vessel or the distribution system. The flora of contaminated distilled water is usually Gram-negative bacteria and since it is introduced after a sterilizahon process, it is often a pure culture. A level of organism up to 10 mH has been recorded. 

To protect against structural failure, water-deluge systems are usually installed to keep vessels and structural steelwork cool in a fire. 

LINE/VESSEL Cooling Water Chlorination System DATE December 22, 1992 PAGE of... 

The fire flashed back to the sphere surrounding it with flames. The water spray system for the sphere was designed to deliver only half the quantity of water normally recommended, and the supply was inadequate to meet the fire demand. The firefighters believed the relief valve would protect the vessel and so any available water was used to cool the neighboring spheres. 

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the wet oxidation micro-pilot plant. The system consists of three sections, an electrically heated oxidation vessel, a high pressure solvent delivery system, and a water cooled depressurization and collection chamber. A more detailed description of the pilot plant can be found in previous publications (3,4). 

The reactor core, the source of nuclear heat, consists of fuel assemblies and control rods contained within the reactor vessel and cooled by the recirculating water system. A 1,220-MWe BWR/6 core consists of 732 fuel assemblies and 177 control rods, forming a core array 16 feet (4.8 meters) in diameter and 14 feet (4.2 meters) high. The power level is maintained or adjusted by positioning control rods up and down within the core. The BW R core power level is further adjustable by changing the recirculation flow rate without changing control rod position, a feature that contributes to excellent load-following capability. 

Some ozone suppliers recommend that the bypass loop be taken from and returned to the pressure side of the main recirculating pumps. A contact/degassing vessel is recommended to prevent air bubbles from entering the cooling system pipework. All sidestream pipework containing ozonated water should be of uPVC or stainless steel construction. 

To illustrate some of the design and control issues, a vessel size (DR = 2 m, VR = 12.57 m3, jacket heat transfer area Aj = 25.13 m2) and a maximum reactor temperature (7j) ax = 340 K) are selected. The vessel is initially heated with a hot fluid until the reaction begins to generate heat. Then a cold fluid is used. A split-range-heating/ cooling system is used that adds hot or cold water to a circulating-water system, which is assumed to be perfectly mixed at temperature Tj. The setpoint of a reactor temperature controller is ramped up from 300 K to the maximum temperature over some time period. 

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