Vegetable oils epoxides

Epichlorohydrin Epoxidized Vegetable Oils Epoxidized Vegetable Oils Octyl Epoxy Tallate Epoxidized Vegetable Oils Butylene Oxide Ethylene Oxide Propylene Oxide Sodium Nitrite Copper Chloride Trichloiofluoromethane Dichlordifluoromethane Monochlorodifluoromediane Nitrobenzene Acetaldehyde Ethane... 

Dowanol 33B Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Epoxidized Vegetable Oils Epoxidized Vegetable Oils... 

Vegetable oil epoxides can be cured in simUar ways to petroleum-based epoxy derivatives using amines, isocyanates, mercaptans or anhydrides to manufacture the epoxy resins. Today, epoxy resins are a very important class of materials, widely used in many applications as insulators, as weU as in the automobile, electrical and electronics industries due to their excellent chanical resistance, exceptional adhesion to a variety of materials, high tensile and compressive strength, and outstanding electrical insulation properties. 

In polymer applications derivatives of oils and fats, such as epoxides, polyols and dimerizations products based on unsaturated fatty acids, are used as plastic additives or components for composites or polymers like polyamides and polyurethanes. In the lubricant sector oleochemically-based fatty acid esters have proved to be powerful alternatives to conventional mineral oil products. For home and personal care applications a wide range of products, such as surfactants, emulsifiers, emollients and waxes, based on vegetable oil derivatives has provided extraordinary performance benefits to the end-customer. Selected products, such as the anionic surfactant fatty alcohol sulfate have been investigated thoroughly with regard to their environmental impact compared with petrochemical based products by life-cycle analysis. Other product examples include carbohydrate-based surfactants as well as oleochemical based emulsifiers, waxes and emollients. 

The titanium-containing silicas were also employed in the epoxidation of a series of FAME mixtures obtained directly from vegetable oils, namely high-oleic (HO) sunflower oil, coriander oil, castor oil and soya-bean oil, by esterification with so-... 

The epoxidation of vegetable oil triglycerides is a well-known technology. Epoxidized vegetable oils found use in other industrial applications before their... 

Performic acid is an unstable, hazardous percarboxylic acid, and must always be generated in situ. Epoxidation with in situ performic and peracetic acid are well established commercial processes. They find application in the epoxidation of alkenes, particularly those of high molecular weight. Many such epoxides are produced on a large scale, and can be classified as vegetable oils, unsaturated esters, unsaturated acids, a-alkenes, natural polymers and synthetic polymers. The most important vegetable oil which is epoxidized commercially is soyabean oil. World production of epoxidized soyabean oil (ESBO) exceeds 150000 metric tons per annum. Epoxidized linseed oil is also important, but produced at a lower rate than ESBO. Both products are formed by usual in situ performic and peracetic acid techniques.23,24 Typical procedures are outlined in Table 3.1.25... 

Due to the excellent stability and activity of oxidized vegetable oils , these are used as stabilizers in polymerization chemistry. Epoxidation of vegetable oils by the enzyme Novozym 435 [8] (eq. (1)) is an example. 

Inhibition of the polymerization by air was controlled by use of 1 1 diacrylate-poly (methyl methacrylate) mixtures or by using the acrylate in a laminate between two glass plates. These cost-effective cures use no external energy and no lamps. Composites of glass fiber and epoxides from vegetable oils have been cured in sunlight with di-aryliodinium and triaryl sulfonium salts in 25 min.311 Further work is needed to speed up this photocationic cure. 

SCHEME 4.6 Partial carbonation of epoxidized vegetable oil. (Reprinted from O. Figovsky, L. Shapovalov, A. Leykin, O. Birukova, and R. Potesshnikova, Nonisocyanate Polyurethanes Based on Cyclic Carbonates and Nanostructures Composites, J. Scientific Israel Technology Advanced 14, no. 4 (2012) 95-106. With permission.)... 

Epoxidised soybean oil or epoxidised sunflower oil are commercial products obtained by the epoxidation of vegetable oils with peroxyacetic or peroxiformic acid (generated... 

By the reaction of epoxidised vegetable oils with HCl, HBr or various organic acids (R-COOH), the epoxidic ring is opened with the formation of polyols having chlorohydrin, bromohydrin or hydroxyalkyl esters structures (reactions 17.17, 17.18 and 17.19) [31-34]. 

As is the case with hydrolysis of epoxidised vegetable oils, by alcoholysis the hydroxyl numbers obtained are always lower than theoretically expected. The explanation is the same the intermolecular and intramolecular reactions between the formed hydroxyl groups and the unreacted epoxidic rings. These reactions conserve the number of hydroxyl groups and do not generate new hydroxyl groups. By intramolecular reactions dimers and trimers of lower hydroxyl number and higher functionality are formed. 

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