External energy

The solution to the problems posed by energy externalities is to internalize the externality, so that the external costs and/or benefits are included m the transactions and other activities involved in the pro-... 

In the context of these energy externalities, I would like to discuss ... 

Preiss P, Klotz V (2007) Technical Paper No 7.4 - RS lb Description of up-dated and extended draft tools for the detailed site-dependant assessment of ex-temal costs. New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability (NEEDS) project, Sixth Framework Programme... 

Flue gas recirculation Flue gas recirculation, alone or in combination with other modifications, can significantly reduce thermal NO,. Recirculated flue gas is a diluent that reduces flame temperatures. External and internal recirculation paths have been applied internal recirculation can be accomplished by jet entrainment using either combustion air or fuel jet energy external recirculation requires a fan or a jet pump (driven by the combustion air). When combined with staged-air or staged-fuel methods, NO emissions from gas-fired burners can be reduced by 50 to 90 percent. In some applications, external flue-gas recirculation can decrease thermal efficiency. Condensation in the recirculation loop can cause operating problems and increase maintenance requirements. 

The top product recycle mode in Figure 11.12 brings part of the permeate stream at a lower pressure to join the feed suream at a higher pressure. Thus, additional energy external to the membrane reactor will be required to recompress the recycled permeate. On the contrary, in the bottom product recycle, also shown in Figure 11.12, only the transmembrane pressure difference and the longitudinal pressure drop need to be overcome between the recycled portion of the bottom product (or retentate) and the feed. Therefore, the required pressure recompression is expected to be small compared to the top product recycle mode. 

We are also interested in the elastic energy external to the inclusion. To compute this, we demand the strains outside of the inclusion, which can be simply evaluated on the basis of eqn (10.13) with the result that... 

The total energy in a portion of material can be split in either of two ways Total energy = internal energy + external energy, or Total energy = free energy + bound energy... 

The width of NMR lines is related to the phenomenon of relaxation. This concept has been defined. There are two main relaxation processes in NMR, namely, spin-lattice or longitudinal, relaxation and spin-spin , or transverse, relaxation. Spin-lattice relaxation is the process by which the nuclei in the upper spin state lose energy externally to the crystal lattice (in a crystal) or, less effectively, to the surrounding liquid (in a solution). The speed at which spin-lattice relaxation occurs is characterized by the longitudinal relaxation time Ti. 

In sustained-release implants, the general approach is to provide a barrier between the body fluid and insulin. This barrier can be microporous, where the rate of insulin release is diffusion-controlled, or it can be an erodible material that dissolves gradually and releases the entrapped insulin. By using mechanical stress or transmitted energy, externally modulated bolus release of insulin can be obtained. Even more sophisticated selfregulating (closed-loop) systems are also under development. 

Limbach PA, Marshall AG. An electrostatic ion guide for efficient transmission of low energy externally formed ions into a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Proc. 1993 125 135-43. 

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