Vagina

Vaginal Rings. Vaginal epithelium is readily permeable to contraceptive steroids. Since the vascular drainage of the vagina bypasses the Hver, this route of adrninistration potentially permits utilisation of dmgs that have low oral activity. 

Diaphragms, shallow mbber cups with a flexible metal rim which are placed in the vagina and cover the cervix, are both a mechanical barrier to sperm and a receptable for spermicidal agent. The mechanism of action is beheved to be a combination of spermicidal and mechanical barrier actions. To be effective, the diaphragm must fit correctly, be inserted properly, and remain in place sufficiently long for the spermicide to act (99). 

R. Belsky, Vagina/Contraceptives A. TimeforKeappraisai Population Keports senes H, No. 3, The George Washiagton University Medical Center, 1975. 

ERa 6q25.1 595 aa 17(3-Estradiol (E2) AGGTCA Ovary, uterus, mammary gland, vagina, testis (Leydig cells), bone... 

Solids (eg, suppositories, tablets), foams, liquids, and creams inserted into the vagina... 

The cephalosporins also may be used perioperatively, that is, during the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods, to prevent infection in patients having surgery on a contaminated or potentially contaminated area, such as the gastrointestinal tract or vagina In some instances, a specific drug may be recommended for postoperative prophylactic use only. 

Atungal superintedion commonly occurs in the mouth, vagina, and anogenital areas. The nurse teaches the patient to report any ot the following ... 

Miconazole If the drug (cream or tablet) is administered vaginally, insert the drug high in the vagina using tiie applicator provided with the product. 

The estrogens are secreted by the ovarian follicle and in smaller amounts by the adrenal cortex. Estrogens are important in the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and the primary and secondary sex characteristics. At puberty, they promote growth and development of the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and breasts. They also affect the release of pituitary gonadotropins (see Chap. 50). 

Instructs patient to insert applicator into vagina, angling it toward the tailbone and advancing it about 2 inches. 

Endosulfan administered by gavage at 1.5 mg/kg/day for 30 days to ovariectomized rats did not influence the relative weights or histology of the uterus, cervix, or vagina compared to ovariectomized control rats that did not receive endosulfan (Raizada et al. 1991). Rats in a positive control group received intraperitoneal injections of estradiol and showed increased relative organ weights and normal development of female reproductive tissues compared to the untreated ovariectomized control rats. 

Herbst, A.L., Ulfelder, H., and Poskanze, D.C. (1971). Adenocarcinoma of vagina—association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young Women. New England Journal of Medicine 284, 878-881. 

Lactic acid in the vagina gives it an acidic pH (5.0) which together with other products of metabohsm inhibits colonization by most bacteria, except some lactobacilli, which constitute the commensal flora. Other types of baeteria are unable to establish themselves in the vagina unless they have become extremely specialized. These species of microorganism tend to be associated with venereal infeetions. 

Exposure of women to cosmetic talcum powder, has been related to the observed presence of the characteristic phyUosilicate talc particles in normal and in malignant ovary tissue (Henderson etal., 1979). The experimental demonstration in rats of migration of talc particles from the vagina to the ovary, illustrates the potential route of entry into the body (Henderson etal., 1986). 

The NuvaRing is a unique transvaginal delivery system that provides 15 meg ethinyl estradiol and 120 meg etonogestrel for the prevention of ovulation. The NuvaRing is inserted into the vagina on or before day 5 of the menstrual cycle and is removed... 

Dyspareunia may result from vaginal dryness. Water-based lubricants may provide relief for several hours after application. Moisturizers may provide relief for a longer period of time and potentially can prevent infections by maintaining the acidic environment in the vagina. Both these treatments require frequent application. 

Women with mixed UI (UUI plus SUI) or UUI plus atrophic vaginitis and/or urethritis may also benefit from the addition of a locally-administered (per vagina) estrogen to anticholinergic therapy. 

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