Vagina epithelial

Vomiting and diarrhoea remove pathogens from the stomach and intestine and urination eliminates them from the bladder. Mucus in the lumen of the intestine, in the vagina and in the bronchioles of the lung not only restricts access of pathogens to the epithelial cells but also localises them for attack by inununoglobulin-A. 

Papilloma. A benign epithelial neoplasm producing finger-like or verrucous projections from the epithelial surface. Parakeratosis. Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum (horny layer) of the skin. Parakeratosis is normal in the epithelium of true mucous membrane of the mouth and vagina. Parkinson s disease. Neurological disorder characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. 

Patton, D.L., et al. 2000. Epithelial cell layer thickness and immune cell populations in the normal human vagina at different stages of the menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183 967. 

The eyes, mouth, nose, vagina and rectum have mucous membranes. These are sheets of epithelial (lining) cells that are moist owing to the production of a slimy secretion called mucus. Additionally, they line the alimentary (digestive) tract, respiratory tract and genito-urinary tracts. The mucus has a protective role to prevent injury to underlying tissues and traps foreign particles in the respiratory system. 

Patton, D. L., Thwin, S. S., Meier, A., Hooton, T. M., Stapleton, A. E., and Eschenbach, D. A. (2000), Epithelial cell layer thickness and immune cell populations in the normal human vagina at different stages of the menstrual cycle, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 183, 967-973. 

It has been found that the basal cells replicate continuously to provide a self-cleaning mechanism to the epithelial layer. Autoradiographic studies of cell proliferation were performed on normal human cervix and vagina. The turnover time, an indication of the time required for the replacement of the cell population, was determined from these studies. Results showed the basal layer to be relatively inactive with a turnover rate of 33 days, while active proliferation occurred in the parabasal layers with a turnover rate of 3 days. The intermediate and superficial layers were found to be inactive differentiating compartments. 

Unlike other tissues, the vagina is greatly affected by steroid replacement therapy. Estrogen replacement therapy is often used to treat menopausal symptoms. The postmenopausal state of the vaginal epithelium, with its thinner epithelium and increased permeability, is an important consideration in drug delivery. The minimization of epithelial fluctuation will result in less fluctuation in absorption, affecting both systemic and local drug deliveries. 

In ovariectomized rats orally administered 0.5 ml aqueous extract of neem leaf daily for 3 days, an absence of open vagina, absence of epithelial cells in a vaginal smear, and incomplete development of the uterus were observed, indicating an absence of estrogenic activity (Mateenuddin et al. 1986). 

The discovery of the potential for medicinal applications of fetal membranes started in the early 20th century as a technique for skin transplantation in the treatment of bums and other skin wounds. " In 1910, William Thornton and Staige Davis from Johns Hopkins Hospital, published the first written description of skin transplantation with human placental tissues. Benefits described by these authors included a decrease in pain, reduced infection, and increased rates of healing. Later, in the third and fourth decades of the 20th century, other uses of fetal tissues were studied, including the creation of artificial vaginas and early treatments of ocular bums and various defects. The initial fetal membranes used clinically involved fresh placental tissue which was harvested and used immediately for their epithelial effects on natural tissues of the human body. 

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue is a frequently found epithelium in the human body (nasopharyngeal and oral cavities, esophagus, urethra, vagina, cervix, and others). It is a multilayered structure consisting of a layer of actively dividing basal cells anchored to the basement membrane, beneath which one finds connective tissue (stroma). The daughter cells created by the division of the basal cells form the parabasal layer and mature and migrate to the surface layer. 

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