Vaccines, nasal

Chitosan microparticulate systems have also been investigated for vaccine nasal delivery and have proven to induce strong systemic and mucosal immune responses [18,21,76],... 

The nasal tissue is highly vascularized and provides efficient systemic absorption. Compared with oral or subcutaneous administration, nasal administration enhances bioavailability and improves safety and efficacy. Chitosan enhances the absorption of proteins and peptide drugs across nasal and intestinal epithelia. Gogev et al. demonstrated that the soluble formulation of glycol chitosan has potential usefulness as an intranasal adjuvant for recombinant viral vector vaccines in cattle [276]. 

The influenza vaccine is available in two forms, injectable and nasal inhalation. The injectable is an inactivated vaccine... 

Davis, S. 2001. Nasal vaccines. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 51, 21-42. 

Since the uptake of particles in nasal epithelial tissue is known to be mostly mediated by M cells, nasal administration has been investigated as a noninva-sive delivery of vaccines [37], However, since the uptake of naked DNA by endocytocis is limited, use of either nanoparticles as mucosal delivery systems [37] or hypotonic shock [38] is reported for the efficient transfection of gene and vaccine into the nasal epithelium. It was also reported that polypeptides and polypeptide-coated nanospheres (diameter about 500 nm) are transported through endocytic process in rat M cells [39],... 

Davis, S. (2001). Nasal vaccines. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 51, 21M2. 

Attenuated live vaccines are less common than they were a century ago, examples being the original Pasteur rabies vaccine and BCG, but the recent approval of a nasal influenza vaccine, FluMist (Medlmmune Vaccines, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) shows that the approach remains valid. 

The most potent mucosal adjuvants have been shown to be the toxins derived from Vibrio cholerae or Escherichia coli, which should not be surprising since these organisms invade the body through the GI tract. Obviously too toxic for human use because they are the source of cholera or diarrhoea, heat labile enterotoxins have been tested in mice and shown to be potent adjuvants for orally or nasally administered influenza vaccine. The potency of heat-labile enterotoxin mutants may also be enhanced by formulation into bioadhesive particulate delivery systems, and this is an area under current exploration. 

MALT Mucosal vaccination Mucosal tolerance Nasal/oral inhalation Treatment agent allergies Hyperresponsiveness... 

The nasal route is generating increasing interest as a route for the administration of local treatments and a cost-effective and patient-friendly alternative to injection for systemic delivery [49]. The special advantages of nasal delivery make it attractive for (i) crisis treatment where rapid onset of action is desirable (e.g., pain, migraine, panic attacks), (ii) systemic delivery of compounds that at present can only be delivered by injection (peptides/pro-proteins/vaccination), and (iii) direct targeting of the CNS (polar drugs for the treatment of CNS disorders). 

Johansson, E.L., L. Wassen, J. Holmgren, M. Jertborn, and A. Rudin. 2001. Nasal and vaginal vaccinations have differential effects on antibody responses in vaginal and cervical secretions in humans. Infect Immun 69 7481. 

Egan, M.A., Chong, S.Y., Hagen, M., et al. (2004) A comparative evaluation of nasal and parenteral vaccine adjuvants to elicit systemic and mucosal HIV-1 peptide-specific humoral immune responses in cynomolgus macaques. Vaccine 22(27-28), 3774-3788. 

Table 11.2 Internationally licensed oral/nasal vaccines...

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