Vaccines yersinia pestis

Terentier and Kadeter [3.28] described the freeze drying of the vaccine Yersinia pestis EV... 

Terentier and Kadeter [3.28] described the freeze-drying of the vaccine Yersinia pestis EV 76 in a solution containing 10% sucrose, 1% gelatin and 0.5% thiourea. The product was frozen on the shelves of a freeze-drying plant at -8 °C/min to -40 °C. From ER measurements it was concluded that below -24.4 °C a glass phase started and the eutectic temperature, Te was -17.1 °C. The drying time was determined as 9 h. If Tsh was controlled in such a way that Te was exceeded after 4.5 h, the survival rate fell to -50% if Te was reached after 6 h, the survival rate was -80%. One can assume that M D should only be terminated after 5 h or more, at which time the temperature could be raised. 

Chloroplast Derived Antibodies, Biopharmaceuticals and Edible Vaccines 8.3.3.3 Yersinia pestis Fl-V Fusion Antigen... 

Terentier, A. N., Kadeter, V. V. Freeze-drying of the vaccine strain Yersinia pestis EV 76. IV. International School Cryobiology and Freeze-Drying, p. 29,30. Sofia, Bulgarien, 1989... 

Plague vaccine Formaldehyde-killed Yersinia pestis Active immunization against plague... 

Bennett, A.M.,Phillpotts, R.J., Perkins, S.D., Jacobs, S.C. and Williamson, E.D. (1999) Gene gun mediated vaccination is superior to manual delivery for immunization with DNA vaccines expressing protective antigens from Yersinia pestis or Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus. Vaccine, 18, 588-596. 

Baca-Estrada, M. E., Foldvari, M., Snider, M., Harding, K., Kournikakis, B., Babiuk, L. A., and Griebel, P. (2000), Intranasal immunization with hposome-formulated Yersinia pestis vaccine enhances mucosal immune responses, Vaccine, 18, 2203-2211. 

Plague vaccine is a suspension of the formaldehyde-killed encapsulated form of Yersinia pestis. Primary immunization involves three doses given intramuscularly. 

The harvest is a very complex mixture of bacterial cells, metabolic products and exhausted medium. In the case of a live attenuated vaccine it should be innocuous, and all that is necessary is for the bacteria to be separated and resuspended under aseptic conditions in an appropriate diluent, possibly for freeze-drying. In a vaccine made from a virulent strain of pathogen the harvest may be intensely dangerous and great care is necessary in the subsequent processing. Adequate containment will be required and for class 3 pathogens such as Salmonella typhi or Yersinia pestis or bulk production of bacterial toxins, dedicated facilities that will provide complete protection for the operators and the environment are essential. 

The first instance of a vaccine being made in plants was in 1990 when a patent was filed for a Streptococcus mutans protein (SpaA) expressed in tobacco. Since then, many other vaccines (e.g., cholera toxin B, Hepatitis virus surface antigen, Plasmodium surface protein) have been produced, and multiple different plant species (e.g., tomato, potato, banana, and rice) have been used, particularly as an edible host is needed for oral administration. An important sdentific milestone was when the E. coU heat labile enterotoxin (LT-B) was expressed in potatoes and was shown to be orally immunogenic when 5 g of transformed tuber was fed to mice over 18 days [70]. However how this might translate to an effective dose in humans is not yet established. Numerous other workers have since demonstrated for animal models that oral or injected immunization with plant-produced antigen would provide protection against diseases such as Yersinia pestis [71], or Avian Influenza Virus [72]. 

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