Vaccinations infections, vaccination against

An anthrax vaccine aLso can prevent infection. Vaccination against anthrax is not recommended for the general public to prevent disease and is not available. 

G. Schoolnik and T. Miet2ner, "Vaccines Against Gonococcal Infection," ia G. Woodrow and M. Levin, eds., New Generation Vaccines Marcel Dekker, New York, 1990. 

SB S8 S08.020 C5a peptidase Proposed target for vaccine against group B streptococcal infection... 

An example of the use of an attenuated virus is the administration of the measles vaccine to an individual who has not had measles. The m easles (rubeola) vaccine contains the live, attenuated measles virus. The individual receiving the vaccine develops a mild or modified measles infection, which then produces immunity against the rubeola virus. The measles vaccine protects 95% of the recipients for several years or, for some individuals, for life. An example of a killed virus used for immunization is the cholera vaccine. This vaccine protects those who receive the vacdne for about 3 to 6 months. 

Hepatitis B Hepatitis B vaccines provide another illustration of how drug products have advanced vdth increasing technical capability. Vaccination against hepatitis B is common pradice for health workers, travellers and others who may be at risk of exposure to the virus. The initial vaccines contained inactivated virus to promote the immune response necessary to proted against future infection by the live virus. However, there was always some concern in case there was not complete inactivation of the virus used for vaccination. Further research into the virus identified the surface proteins against which the immune response is raised. The genetic... 

Despite the availability of an effective and safe vaccine against hepatitis B for more than two decades, HBV infection is stiU a major health problem worldwide. More than two billion individuals have been infected with HBV, and chronic infection affects approximately 350 million patients (Lavanchy 2004). While HBV infection in adults is mostly asymptomatic and self-Umiting in >80% of the cases, transmission at a younger age is associated with a high risk of chronic infection. Vertical transmission of HBV leads to chronic infection of the newborns in up to 90% of the cases. 

Vaccination against hepatitis A and B is recommended in patients with underlying cirrhosis to prevent additional liver damage from an acute viral infection.35 Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination may also be appropriate and can reduce hospitalizations due to influenza or pneumonia. 

Graham, M., Smith, T.S., Munn, E.A. and Newton, S.E. (1993) Recombinant DNA molecules encoding aminopeptidase enzymes and their use in the preparation of vaccines against helminth infections. Patent No. WO 93/23542. 

Not necessarily. Routine vaccination against smallpox ended in 1972. The level of immunity, if any, among persons who were vaccinated before 1972 is uncertain therefore, these persons are assumed to be susceptible. For those who were vaccinated, it is not known how long immunity lasts. Most estimates suggest immunity from the vaccination lasts 3 to 5 years. This means that nearly the entire U.S. population has partial immunity at best. Immunity can be boosted effectively with a single revaccination. Prior infection with the disease grants lifelong immunity. 

The vaccine against smallpox is made with a virus related to smallpox virus called vaccinia virus. It is not made with smallpox virus called variola. The vaccine is a highly effective immunizing agent against smallpox infection. It was successfully used to eradicate smallpox from the human population. 

Ideally, the most effective prevention of HIV infection would be a vaccine that blocks virus infection in individuals. Indeed, effective vaccines have been developed against most human viruses that cause serious diseases. While several different possible vaccines against HIV are under development, there are some theoretical reasons why it may be difficult to develop an effective one. First, HIV has the unique ability to evade the immune system in an infected individual. Briefly, this results from (1) the high mutation rate of the virus, particularly in the env gene (2) the ability of the virus to establish a latent state in some cells and (3) the ability of the virus to spread by cell-to-cell contact. The object of the vaccine is to raise a protective immune response to the infectious agent. Since HIV evades the immune system so efficiently, it may be difficult for a vaccine to prevent HIV infection in an individual, even if it can induce production of neutralizing antibodies or cell-mediated immunity. 

Olive, C., Schulze, K., Sun, H. K., Ebensen, T., Horvath, A., Toth, I., and Guzman, C. A. (2007). Enhanced protection against Streptococcus pyogenes infection by intranasal vaccination with a dual antigen component M protein/Sfbl lipid core peptide vaccine formulation. Vaccine 25, 1789-1797. 

Seder RE, Hill AVS. Vaccines against intracellular infections requiring cellular immunity. Nature 2000 406 793. 

Once the virus has achieved an intracellular location, it is protected from antibodies and only cell-mediated immunity is effective. Difficulties in producing effective vaccines against some viral infections, such as HIV, herpes simplex and hepatitis, have spurred the development of new strategies that use DNA rather than protein. 

A vaccine The search for a vaccine against the virus is intense. Unfortunately, progress is difficult since the virus frequently mutates. It is estimated that 10 to 10 variants may be present in a single infected patient and different variants may be present in patients in different parts of the world. Such a mixed population of a virus has been called a quasi species . 

Trollfors B. Cost-benefit analysis of general vaccination against haemophilus influenzae type b in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 1994 26 611-14. 

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