Utilities waste treatment

ATP measured by luciferin-luciferase BL assay was used to examine the effect of toxic substances on whole microbial communities in activated sludge mixed liquid samples [114], It was used to detect whether wastewater had an effect on the biodegradation capability of the resident population of microorganisms. Actually ATP BL represents an important rapid toxicity test that utilizes waste treatment natural microorganisms to determine the toxicity of wastes discharged to the sewer [132],... 

Utilities, Waste Treatment, Receiving, Shipping, Packaging, Storage, Lighting, Communications... 

Raw materials, utilities, waste treatment and disposal, equipment, safety, insurance, land use R D, product and corporate image, regulatory guidance Global supply chain, government policy... 

The utility system also creates waste through products of combustion from boilers and furnaces and wastewater from water treatment, boiler blowdown, etc. Utility waste minimization is in general terms a question of ... 

The need to meet environmental regulations can affect processing costs. Undesirable air emissions may have to be eliminated and Hquid effluents and soHd residues treated and disposed of by incineration or/and landfilling. It is possible for biomass conversion processes that utilize waste feedstocks to combine waste disposal and treatment with energy and/or biofuel production so that credits can be taken for negative feedstock costs and tipping or receiving fees. 

The treatment of waste is the third element of the hierarchy and should be utilized only in the absence of feasible source reduction or recychng opportunities. Waste treatment involves the use of chemical, biological, or physical processes to reduce or eliminate waste material. The incineration of wastes is included in this categoiy and is considered preferable to other treatment methods (i.e., chemical, biological, and physical) because incineration can permanently destroy the hazardous components in waste materials (Ref. 4). It can also be employed to reduce the volume of waste to be treated. 

Contactor design is important in order to maximize the ozone-transfer efficiency and to minimize the net cost for treatment. The three major obstacles to efficient ozone utilization are ozone s relatively low solubility in water, the low concentrations and amounts of ozone produced from ozone generators, and the instability of ozone. Several contacting devices are currently in use including positive-pressure injectors, diffusers, and venturi units. Specific contact systems must be designed for each different application of ozone to wastewater. Further development in this area of gas-liquid contacting needs to be done despite its importance in waste treatment applications. In order to define the appropriate contactor, the following should be specified ... 

If it is already known at the pilot stage in which plant the final operation will be situated, solvent recycling, waste treatment, and utility supply processes should be modelled according to that specific plant. This reduces uncertainty in the scale-up from pilot to operation. 

One technique used in a number of facilities that utilize molten salt for metal surface treatment prior to pickling is to take advantage of the alkaline values generated in the molten salt bath in treating other wastes generated in the plant. When the bath is determined to be spent, it is in many instances manifested, hauled off-site, and land disposed. One technique is to take the solidified spent molten salt (molten salt is sold at ambient temperatures) and circulate acidic wastes generated in the facility over the material prior to entry into the waste treatment system. This in effect neutralizes the acid wastes and eliminates the requirements of manifesting and land disposal. 

Waste from steam systems. If steam is used as hot utility, then inefficiencies in the steam system itself cause utility waste. Figure 23.2 shows a schematic representation of a boiler feedwater treatment system. The constant loss of condensate from the steam system means that there must be a constant makeup with freshwater. This makeup causes utility waste ... 

The utilities and waste treatment areas are located on the north side of the plant where they will be upwind of the plant. 

The reduction in the numbers of incinerators and the limitations of autoclaves have created the need for alternative medical waste treatment systems. Currently, there are over 40 such technologies available from greater than 70 manufacturers within the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and Australia. While these systems vary in their treatment capacity, the extent of automation, and overall volume reduction, all alternative technologies utilize one or more of the following methods (1) heating the waste to a minimum of 90 to 95°C by means of microwaves, radio waves, hot oil, hot water, steam, or superheated gases (2) exposing the waste to chemicals such as sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) or... 

Auxiliary processes. Refineries also have other processes and units that are vital to operations by providing power, waste treatment, and other utility services, such as boilers, wastewater treatment, and cooling towers. Products from these facilities are usually recycled and used in other processes within the refinery and are also important with regard to minimizing water and air pollution. 

Since they cannot utilize light energy, the decomposition of organic substrates is incomplete. Further decomposition of the acetic acid is not possible under anaerobic conditions. Nevertheless, these reactions are still suitable for the initial steps of wastewater treatment and hydrogen production, followed by further waste treatment stages. 

Reinhardt, H. Proc. Int. Waste Treatment and Utilization Conf, Waterloo, Canada, 1978 83 pp. 

In a 1995 estimate published in the VI ITT database, total MRRP costs for waste treatment ranged from 650 to 1000 per ton. The primary factors impacting treatment costs were the quantity of the waste and the moisture content of the waste. Treatment costs were also impacted by utility and labor costs. Other factors that have an effect on treatment costs include (in decreasing order of importance) site preparation and pretreatment costs, characteristics of the soil and residual wastes, costs associated with removal of debris from the soil, and the initial and target contaminant concentrations (D102852, p. 34). 

The latest projects to eliminate the production of waste treatment sludges were undertaken in the wet process metal plating production area. The projects, completed in March 1989, involved the installation of separate cadmium, chrome, copper and nickel recovery systems. All of the recovery systems utilized redundant conventional ion exchange columns for initial metal waste recovery and concentration. 

Outside battery limit (OSBL) defines the work and responsibilities outside the battery limit. The OSBL includes auxiliaries required for the chemical process unit, including tank storage for feedstock and refined products, waste treatment, cooling towers, flares, and utilities that are not included in the battery limit but are required for the unit. Also included are the pipeways, racks, and sleepers, which are used to convey all of the utility s interconnecting process piping to and from the processing facility... 

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