User nations

I. The globalization of transportation has changed the economic relationship between primary fuel resource countries and user nations. Supertankers and pipelines have made eveiy oil field a strategic neighbor for most countries. What have gas pipelines and LNG done for natural gas global availability and its use, arguably as an environmentally more benign fuel Where does it leave coal ... 

The provision of a material safety data sheet (MSDS) in the language of the user nation, at no cost, is mandatory under current EC legislation." The 16 sections of an MSDS are shown in Table 1. 

The 1987 NRC report Agenda for Advancing Electrochemical Corrosion Science and Technology focused on the development of expert systems to provide solutions to organizations with corrosion problems. The presumption was that improvements in computer technology would allow the capture of knowledge in a way that would make it easily accessible to users (National Academy Press,... 

This situation has recently arisen in the UK where competition for gas sales has been encouraged. Gas producers can enter into direct agreements with consumers (ranging from power stations to domestic users), using the national distribution grid if necessary. The impact of this change on gas price has been significant a reduction of around 60% in the period of a year. 

Where conformity assessment involves intervention of third party, that task is normally carried out by the notified body. The pressure equipment directive enables in addition the national authorities to authorise in their territory user inspectorates for the carrying out of conformity assessment procedures which relate to product verification. These inspectorates shall act exclusively on behalf of the group of which they are part. The placing on the market and putting into service of equipment which has undergone such assessment is however limited to the territory of the authorising Member State and to those Member States which have also proceeded to such authorisation. The equipment concerned shall therefore not bear the CE-marking. 

The Opiates. The International Narcotics Control Board—Vienna, tracks the tick production of narcotic dmgs and annually estimates world requkements for the United Nations. Thek most recent pubHcation (100) points out that more than 95% of the opium for Hcit medical and scientific purposes is produced by India and, in a declining trend, only about 600 t was utilized in 1988. This trend appears to be due to the fact that the United States, the largest user of opium for alkaloid extraction, reduced the amount of opium being imported from about 440 t in 1986 to 249 t in 1987 and 224 t in 1988. The United States used about 48 t of morphine (2, R = H) in 1988, most (about 90%) being converted to codeine (2, R = CH3) and the remainder being used for oral adrninistration to the terminally ill (about 2 t) and for conversion to other materials of minor commercial import which, while clearly alkaloid-derived, are not naturally occurring. 

The National Chemical Laboratory for Industry (NCLl), Japan, has developed an integrated Spectral Database System (SDBS) which is available to users in Japan. AU spectra were deterrnined at NCLl under controUed conditions and are available on a PC/CD-ROM or magnetic tape. The system has both H-nmr (6000 compounds) and C-nmr spectra (5700 compounds), along with searching software. NCLl has also developed an integrated C— H-nmr system that can be used for two-dimensional data elucidation (70,71). 

ISI is available in hard copy and electronically at EPA s headquarters and regional Hbraries, and through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). The electronic form may be installed on IBM PC-compatible computers or placed on local area networks, and mn under Microsoft WINDOWS or WordPerfect s Library program. The Macintosh version is no longer available. The 1993 update will include the ISI hardcopy, PC disks, and the PC system user manual. EPA also pubHshes ACCESS EPA, which provides sources of information, databases, and pubHcations within the EPA. Chapter 5 of that pubhcation includes important environmental databases in air and soHd waste, pesticides and toxic substances, water, and cross-program (110). EPA also provides databases accessible through EPA Hbraries, which describe the private EPA and commercial databases available to Hbrary users (111). 

The EPA is reviewing and revising the Air QuaUty and Other Photochemical Oxidants (Criteria Document) and reevaluating the national ambient air quahty standards (158). The EPA is also proposing that manufacturers (>10,000 lb 03/yr) and users (>25,000 lb 03/yr) submit data annually to the EPA on estimated ozone releases (159). 

Standard Chemical Pump. In 1961, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) iatroduced a chemical pump standard (29), known as ANSI B73.1, that defined common pump envelope dimensions, connections for the auxiUary piping and gauges, seal chamber dimensions, parts mnout limits, and baseplate dimensions. This definition was to ensure the user of the availabiUty of iaterchangeable pumps produced by different manufacturers, as well as to provide plant designers with standard equipment. A typical ANSI chemical pump, known as of the mid-1990s as ASME B73.1M-1991, is shown ia Figure 6. 

Specifications. Tar bulk products are covered by both national specifications and those formulated by the user. For instance, creosote for timber preservation is covered by the American Wood Preserving Association Standards (AWPA) and ASTM D350. 

Coal-tar pitch for other uses is similarly subject to a few national specifications but mainly sold to users specifications. Pitch intended for roofing, dampproofing, and waterproofing is the subject of ASTM specification D450 and Federal specification R-P-381 hot-appHed tar-based coatings (pipeline enamels) are the subject of BSS 4164/1987, amended in 1988, and, in the United States, of American Water Works Association (AWWA) specification C203. 

Supercomputers are found in many government research laboratories, intelligence agencies, universities, and a small number of industrial companies. In the United States, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has provided supercomputers to several prominent universities for both academic and industrial users. These centers provide state-of-the-art, supercomputer-tuned appHcations for a wide variety of disciplines, together with staffs who are very knowledgeable in optimization for supercomputer performance. 

Inspection Authority The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors is composed of the chief inspectors of states and municipalities in the United States and Canadian provinces which have made any pari of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code a legal requirement. This board promotes uniform enforcement of boiler and pressure-vessel rules. One of the board s imporiant activities is providing examinations for, and commissioning of, inspectors. Inspeciors so qualified and employed by an insurance company state, municipality, or Canadian province may inspect a pressure vessel and permit it to be stamped ASME—NB (National Board). An inspector employed by a vessel user may authorize the use of only the ASME stamp. The ASME Code Committee authorizes fabricators to use the various ASME stamps. The stamps, however, may be apphed to a vessel only with the approval of the inspector. 

National Synchrotron Light Source User s Manual Guide to the VUVandX-Ray Beam Lines. (N. F. Gmur ed.) BNL informal report no. 45764, 1991. 

KBERT, 1995, User s Guide for the KBERT 1.0 Code, Sandia National Laboratories SAND95-1324, June... 

Gas storage cabinet use may be required by local, state, or national codes. These codes vary by location and the designer or user of the cabinet is referred to these codes for further information. One source of building code information in the U.S. is the Uniform Building Code and the Uniform Fire Code. ... 

The differences with the existing automotive quality system requirements need careful examination. There are additions, deletions, and movements that users of QS-9000 Third Edition, AVSQ 94, EAQF 94, and VDA 6.1 1998 need to be aware of, as they affect not only supplier quality systems but the internal and external auditing practices. As the national requirements are not similarly structured comparisons are impossible to illustrate in a single table. Readers are therefore advised to compare specific text in each to discover the actual differences. The source of the requirements is depicted in the tables that follow. A dash (-) indicates that there is no matching requirement. 

Nordman, B. Piette, M. A. Kinney, K. and Webber, C. (1997). User Guide to Power Management for PCs and Monitors. Report No. LBNL-39466. Berkeley, CA Lawence Berkeley National Laboratoiy. 

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