National User Facilities

Structural biology user facilities - to develop and support DOE national user facilities for use in fundamental structural biology. 

G.E.E. thanks the National Science Foundation for their support. G.E.T. thanks the Center for Integrated NanoTechnologies (CINT), a Department of Energy/Office of Science Nanoscale Science Research Center (NSRC) national user facility, for funding. H.H.R. thanks the NanoBiotechnology Initiative at Ohio University for funding. 

There are many different techniques for studying ceramics. The choice of which one to use depends on the type of information that we want to obtain and how valuable our material is. Transmission electron microscopy is destructive, but so are many other methods if we have to produce a fine powder. Whereas some of the techniques we described, such as VLM and SEM, are universal, there are many techniques that are available in only a few sites. Those requiring nuclear reactors or very high flux photon beams are usually found at National User Facilities. 

This work was supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), a multiprogram national laboratory operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC06-76RL01830. Part of the research described in this paper was performed at the Enviromnental Molecular Science Laboratory, a national scientific user facility located at PNNL. 

The author acknowledges support by Oak Ridge National Laboratory s Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is sponsored by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy. 

R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a US DOE scientific user facility operated for the DOE by PNNL. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is a multiprogram national laboratory operated for the US Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute. 

This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (EAR-9614747 EAR-9909293 EAR-0509856). The HRXCT facility at the University of Texas at Austin is an NSF shared multi-user facility supported in part by grant EAR-0004082. 

The writing of this chapter, and much of the research described therein, was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Science. The research was performed in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy s Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 

The work was supported by the National Science Foundation (University of Minnesota and Rice University), the Minnesota Supercomputer Institute, and the Robert A. Welch Foundation (Rice University). The synchrotron-radiation studies were done at Aladdin, a user facility supported by the National Science Founda tion, and the assistance of its staff is gratefully acknowl edged. Special thanks are due to M. B. Jost and D. M Poirier for stimulating discussions and to S. Saito and J Bernholc for sharing their calculations prior to publica tion. 

A new imaging facility for fuel cell research is expected to be operational in October, 2002. It is a user facility open to researchers from fuel cell manufacturers and automotive companies as well as academic institutions and national laboratories. 

Once accepted, the instiument must be calibrated for counting efficiency and, if a spectrometer, for energy response. For the former, the radionuclide standards must be prepared by the national calibration facility— NIST in the United States—or by another facility in a manner traceable to NIST (ANSI/IEEE 1995). Standards used for calibration may be supplied as a point source, an extended source of the same geometric configuration as the samples that will be counted, or as a sealed solution which is converted by the user to the desired form (see Section 8.3). A certificate that contains all appropriate information described in Section 11.2.6 must accompany all standards. The typical relative standard uncertainty of radionuclide standards is in the range of 1-2%. 

The Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) STEM facility operates as a National Institutes of Health Biotechnology Resource available free of charge to any scientist with a suitable project. Approximately 50 projects are active at any given time. Information on current projects, collaborators/users, publications, capabilities, specimen preparation, personnel, advisory committee, and contacts for starting new projects can be found on our web site at http //www.bnl.gov/ by clicking on User Facilities. Decisions regarding pilot studies are very flexible, whereas long-term projects may be reviewed by our advisory committee. 

Another t3rpe of discharge that is regulated by the CWA is one that goes to a publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). The national pretreatment program (CWA section 307(b)) controls the indirect discharge of pollutants to POTWs by industrial users. Facilities regulated under section 307(b) must meet certain pretreatment standards. 

Maintain national computing laboratories with staff to support research users in a manner analogous to that for other user facilities. ... 

Cooperative Stewardship Managing the Nation s Multidisciplinary User Facilities for Research with Synchrotron Radiation, Neutrons, and High Magnetic Fields, National Research Council, Na-ticm Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1999. 

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