Use of Radioactive Materials

Limitations encountered in routine use include (a) the use of radioactive materials, (b) limited sensitivity in the presence of high protein concentrations, (c) long assay time of up to 5 days,... 

Radiolysis of water is, at least for today, inherently limited due to the use of radioactive materials by which the product stream could be contaminated by radioactive species. Consequently while... 

Important Pay attention to the local and state rules governing the use of radioactive materials ... 

Measurements of the quantities of glycolipids inserted into the membrane have also been reported by a technique based on the use of C-labeled lipid anchors. In this method, the carbohydrate (a-o-Man) was covalently coupled to the anchor at the surface of a pre-formed vesicle. Indeed, the liposome structure was shown to remain intact in the treatment. Nevertheless, the measurement of the incorporated mannose was performed after separation of bound and unbound material by centrifugation. The yields of coupling were shown to increase with the increase of the initial mannose/ C-anchor ratio, but non covalent insertions were displayed at high initial mannose concentrations. Therefore, the aforementioned method was not as accurate as could have been expected for the use of radioactive materials [142]. Radiolabeled phospholipids were also used for such determinations thus the amounts of glycosphingolipids incorporated into liposomes were quantified by the use of H-phospholipids whereas the amounts of glycolipids were determined by a sphingosine assay [143]. 

RADIOCHEMISTRY. The subdivision of chemistiy that deals with the properties and uses of radioactive materials in industry biology, and medicine, including Facer research and radioactive waste disposal... 

Looney WB. 1955. Late effects (twenty-five to forty years) of the early medical and industrial use of radioactive material Their relation to the more accurate establishment of maximum permissible amounts of radioactive elements in the body. Part I. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 37-A 1169-1187. 

Current NRC regulations for source material in 10 CFR Part 40 (AEC, 1961) and byproduct material in 10 CFR Part 30 (AEC, 1965a) specify conditions for exemption of many products or materials that contain small amounts of radioactive material (see also Schneider et al, 2001). These exemptions apply to commercial or specialized industrial uses of radioactive materials, as well as their disposal, and they include many common consumer products e.g., timepieces, smoke detectors, thorium gas mantles). These exemptions were established based on judgments by AEC and NRC that the benefits of exempt uses far outweighed the risks to public health. 

ALARA principle time, distance, and shielding. We should minimize our time working with radioactive materials, maximize the distance between us and the source of radiation, and use proper shielding to minimize our exposure. Finally, we must make sure that we understand and follow all the facility procedures and regulations regarding the use of radioactive materials so that our safety and that of our patients are assured. 

This method of measuring eosinophil accumulation in vivo has the advantage that it does not require the use of radioactive material. However, it is less sensitive to low doses of chemoattractant, although this can be overcome by the intravenous injection of IL-5 to boost the numbers of eosinophils in the circulation (7). The isolation of eosinophils, for use as a standard, and the preparations for intradermal injections have been described in Subheadings... 

Additional safety regulations, which are not discussed here, apply to certain areas of work, notably the use of radioactive materials, genetically manipulated organisms, and pathogenic microorganisms. 

Personnel dosimetry is a proper and most effective means of assuring compliance with regulations governing the use of radioactive materials and ionising radiation. The... 

Radiological terrorism is the use of radioactive material to cause human casualties, environmental destruction and maximum disruption, panic and fear (1) in the general population for political purposes. Since the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in 1945, with 150,000 casualties and 75,000 fatalities (2), people have feared nuclear explosives more than any other weapons of mass destruction, because of the ability of these weapons to cause immediate devastation and trauma, and because radiation, undetected by human senses, can cause ongoing morbidity and mortality, including cancer, years after exposure (3). 

After an atomic energy site begins operations involving the use of radioactive materials, meteorological services may be required under the following conditions (1) if there is a continuous or intermittent source of radioactive effluent present in the area, or if there is a source potentially present to the extent that an atomospheric monitoring program is required (2) if there is a daily or occasional requirement for weather forecasts, which may be required for the control of stack effluent (3)... 

The absolute stereochemistry of ipecoside was determined by correlation studies with dihydroprotoemetine. Because the yield of the product in each step was low and a complex mixture of compounds was formed during the reaction, recourse was taken to the use of radioactive material. Vigorous acid hydrolysis of [0-methyl-3H]0,0-dimethyldihydroipecoside furnished 15 or 16 in equilibrium with 17 or 18, and also several isomeric benzo-quinolizidines. From this, after sodium borohydride reduction, (— )-[0-methyl-3H]dihydroprotoemetine (19) of known absolute configuration... 

Many laboratories conduct operations which do not require the use of radioactive materials, in the same space as those in which radioactive materials are employed. In many of these instances, different personnel are employed in the two programs. Nonusers of radioisotopes should be made sufficiently aware of the procedures required for the safe, legal use of radiation so that they will neither inadvertently violate any safety requirements for the use of byproduct radioactive materials, nor misunderstand any actions of the employees involved with radiation. While the licensed users of radioactive materials are present, they can and must take precautions to avoid exposing the other persons in the laboratory unnecessarily to radiation, but when they are not present, the nonusers need to be aware of the areas where radioactive sources and waste are stored and areas they should avoid if there is any possibility of contamination. If proper security procedures are followed, the latter should theoretically not be possible. Any area containing radioactive materials should be clearly marked with signs bearing the radiation symbol and the label ... 

The location of the various items of equipment in a laboratory should depend upon a number of factors, such as frequency of use, distances to be traveled, and the need to transport chemicals to and from the primary work location and the storage areas. The distances traveled to and from the most heavily used apparatus should be minimized, as should the frequency and distances involved in the use of chemical reagents. Specialized work, such as the use of radioactive materials, should be isolated from the other activities in the laboratory, especially if only some of the laboratory s employees are involved in the activity while others are not. Any equipment which generates fumes or vapors, but not of the character or concentration that would mandate use of a fume hood, should take into account the air distribution patterns within the room so that the dispersion into heavily occupied areas would be minimized. 

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