Urine vanadium

VANADIUM PENTOXIDE Vanadium in urine End of shift at end of workweek 50 pg/g creatinine Sq... 

Allan Walsh, in 1955, was the pioneer for the introduction of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), which eventually proved to be one of the best-known-instrumental-techniques in the analytical armamentarium, that has since been exploited both intensively and extensively in carrying out the quantitative determination of trace metals in liquids of completely diversified nature, for instance blood serum-for Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ edible oils-Ni2+ beer samples-Cu+ gasoline (petrol)-Pb2+ urine-Se4+ tap-water-Mg2+ Ca2+ lubricating oil-Vanadium (V). 

Absorbed vanadium is primarily excreted in the urine, and it was detectable in 12 of the workers for periods of up to 2 weeks. Urinary vanadium concentrations were elevated in workers exposed to mean air concentrations of 0.1-0.28mg/m but there was no correlation between the air and urinary concentrations. Although most absorbed vanadium was excreted within 1 day after cessation of exposure, increased excretion relative to unexposed controls continued for more than 2 weeks among chronically exposed workers. ... 

To date, there is limited published material concerning the pharmacokinetics of vanadium compounds in humans. The concentration of vanadium in humans not dosed with the metal is extremely low and at the limits of detection of many of the analytical techniques used. It is not possible to ascertain if the large differences observed in different populations are the result of environmental exposure or experimental variability. Studies using blood have shown vanadium levels of 0.4 to 2.8 pg/L in normal people. The serum contains the largest amount of vanadium with concentration values ranging from 2 to 4 pg/L using atomic absorption spectroscopy [90], The upper limit of vanadium in the urine of normal people was reported to be 22 pg/L, with excretion values averaging below 8 pg/24 h. Vanadium is widely available in nutrition stores for athletes, who believe it to be a nonsteroidal compound that increases muscle mass at a dose of approximately 7 to 10 mg day, without any reports of toxicity [91]. 

OSHA PEL Respirable Dust and Fume ACGIH TLV TWA 0.05 mg(V205)/m3 Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen BEL 50 ng/g creatinine of vanadium in urine at end of shift at end of workweek. ... 

The analytical results provided few surprises with respect to the trace element concentrations which were expected for urine. See Tables II and V. The results for all of the elements studied were within or below the range of previously reported concentrations. The selenium and zinc results were shghtly greater than the corresponding model concentrations and those for aluminum, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, iron, and vanadium were approximately one order of magnitude lower than the model values. Because of possible diflFerences in diet and because the samples studied in this work were derived from first-morning voids, it is not possible to draw unequivocal conclusions concerning the diflFerences between the observed and expected results. 

Diphenylcarhohydrazide was used to determine vanadium in alloys, steel, natural and potable water, waste water, blood, urine and soil [10]. The DL of was 20 ng mf was achieved. 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde benzoylhydrazone was proposed for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of V, Cu and Fe [11]. 

If vanadium is in the air, you can breathe it into your lungs. Most of it leaves your body in the air you breathe out, but some stays in your lungs. The part that isn t breathed out can go through your lungs and get into your bloodstream. You may eat or drink small amounts of vanadium in food and water. Most of this does not enter your bloodstream, but leaves your body in your feces. However, small amounts that you swallow can enter your bloodstream. Most of the vanadium that enters your bloodstream leaves your body quickly in the urine. If you get vanadium on your skin, it is unlikely that it will enter your body by passing through your skin. For more information about how vanadium enters and leaves your body, see Chapter 2. 

Since vanadium is a natural element in the earth, we all have a small amounts in our bodies. There are some tests to show whether you have been exposed to larger than normal amounts of vanadium. Vanadium can be measured in the urine and blood. People exposed to larger than normal amounts will show larger than normal amounts in their urine and blood for a few days. Some workers who have been exposed to large amounts of vanadium may have a green color on the tongue. None of these tests can tell if you will become sick from the vanadium but they are specific for vanadium exposure. For more information on ways to tell whether you have been exposed to vanadium see Chapters 2 and 6. 

Rental Effects. Workers exposed chronically to 0.01-05 mg/m of vanadium dusts had normal serum levels of 18 enzymes and other substances commonly used to detect possible kidney damage (Kiviluoto et al. 1981b). Workers in other studies of chronic exposure to vanadium had normal urine levels of substances used to detect kidney disease (casts, protein levels, urea) (Sjoeberg 1950 Vintinner et al. 1955). 

Epidemiological studies and animal studies suggest that elimination of vanadium following inhalation exposure is primarily in the urine. 

Respiratory Effects. The only significant, clearly documented, effect in humans is mild to moderate respiratory distress and mucosal irritation from exposure to vanadium dusts. Vanadium workers may have coughs, wheezing, chest pain, sore throats, or eye irritation, which can last for several days after exposure. These effects are common to many types of dust exposures. The effects are no more severe than those experienced during a routine upper respiratory tract infection and can sometimes be delayed for several hours after exposure. Chronic effects are not reported with regularity. Chest x-rays and urine and blood analyses in these people are normal. These workers often develop a green color on their tongues from direct accumulation of vanadium. 

Several biomarkers of exposure have been identified for vanadium but none of them can be used to quantitatively determine exposure levels. Vanadium is found in the urine of exposed workers. This measurement is specific for vanadium. Some vanadium workers develop a characteristic green tongue, as a result of direct accumulation of the vanadium dusts on the tongue (Lewis 1959). One report from the 1950s states that vanadium exposure was associated with decreased cystine content in the fingernails of vanadium workers (Mountain 1955). However, alterations in cystine levels can also be associated with dietary changes and with other disease states, so this is not specific for vanadium exposure. No other commonly measured cellular changes have been identified with vanadium exposure. 

GFAAS has also been used for measuring trace levels of vanadium in the serum and urine of humans and animals (Ishida et al. 1989 Mousty et al. 1984). Detection limits of 0.08 ag/L in serum and 0.06 ag/L in urine were achieved (Ishida et al. 1989). The GFAAS technique is as sensitive as NAA, and is also rapid, simple, relatively free from interference, and relatively inexpensive (Ishida et al. 1989 Krishnan et al. 1976). 

Gylseth B, Leira HL, Steinnes E, et al. 1979. Vanadium in the blood and urine of workers in a ferroalloy plant. Scand J Work Environ Health 5 188-194. 

The (metabolic) pathways of dietary vanadium, such as vanadate [H2V04], can be expressed as illustrated in Scheme 5.1 after oral uptake, vanadate reaches the gastrointestinal tract, where it is partially reduced and precipitated to vanadyl (VO ) hydroxides, which are excreted with the faeces. Another portion is absorbed and circulated in the blood, where it undergoes redox speciation and complexation by the serum proteins transferrin and albumin. Vanadate and vanadyl are finally incorporated into cells, mainly those of the liver, spleen and kidney. Excretion is achieved via the urine. Part of the vanadium is taken up by bones, where the mean retention time is comparatively long. 

Sabbioni E, Kucera J, Pietra R and Vesterberg O (1996) A critical review on normal concentrations of vanadium in human blood, serum and urine. Sci Total Environ 188 49 - 58. 

Benzoic Acid, CeHs.COOH, occurs in gum-benzoin, in many resins, in the balsams of Peru and Tolu, in cranberries, in coal-tar, and in combination with glycine as hippuric acid in the urine of herbivorous animals. It may be made by the general synthetic methods which have been described. It is prepared for use in pharmacy bysublimination from gum-benzoin. It is manufactured on the large scale from toluene, and is a by-product in the preparation of benzaldehyde. Toluene is converted by direct oxidation into benzoic acid. As benzyl chloride, C6H5.CH2CI, is more readily oxidized than toluene, the latter is first treated with chlorine, and then heated with dilute nitric acid. It has been shown recently that if a mixture of air and the vapor of toluene is passed over vanadium oxide at about 400° the hydrocarbon is oxidized to benzoic acid. 

Vanadium Is a refractory element determined from the wall of the furnace but otherwise using STPF conditions (Manning and Slavin, 1985). Urine diluted in 2% HNO3 and Triton X-100 was analyzed for V by Paschal and Bailey (1990) using STPF methods with a detection limit of 2//g/L in the urine. Shuttler (1992) used the transversely heated furnace (the Perkin-Elmer 4100ZL) and, with only dilution of the urine, was able to obtain a detection limit better than 0.5//g/L. 

The principal source of vanadium for the general population is from the low levels found in food. With poor absorption via the gut, vanadium is usually at very low concentrations in the urine (Byrne and Kosta, 1979). 

Table 1 shows the urinary levels of vanadium in occupationally non-exposed subjects. It is generally agreed that the normal concentrations are less than 1 y g/L urine. 

VANADIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN URINE SAMPLES OF NON-OCCUPATIONALLY-EX-POSED SUBJECTS... 

Vanadium concentrations in blood, serum or urine are used as a biological indicator of exposure to vanadium. Urine and serum are the specimens with widest application and greatest practicability for monitoring human exposure to vanadium compounds, but urine is preferred as an indicator medium. Blood vanadium appears to be a less sensitive indicator than urinary vanadium, partly because the differences in concentrations are hardly appreciable at low levels of exposure with the analytical methods available (Alessio et al., 1988). 

Urine samples can be determined directly or after preconcentration by mineralization and vanadium chelation followed by solvent extraction. 

---