Vanadium in urine

VANADIUM PENTOXIDE Vanadium in urine End of shift at end of workweek 50 pg/g creatinine Sq... 

OSHA PEL Respirable Dust and Fume ACGIH TLV TWA 0.05 mg(V205)/m3 Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen BEL 50 ng/g creatinine of vanadium in urine at end of shift at end of workweek. ... 

Airbouine, M.W. and Smith, N.J. (1992). Determination of vanadium in urine and its application to bioiogical monitoring of occupationally exposed workers, Atomic Spectroscop., 12, 54. 

Apostoli, P., Alessio, L, Dal Farra, M. and Fabbri, P.L (1988). Determination of vanadium in urine by electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite tube pre-heating, J. Anal. Atomic Spectr., 2, 471. 

Buchet, J.P., Knepper, E. and Lauwerys, R. (1982), Determination of vanadium in urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 13S, 243. 

To date, there is limited published material concerning the pharmacokinetics of vanadium compounds in humans. The concentration of vanadium in humans not dosed with the metal is extremely low and at the limits of detection of many of the analytical techniques used. It is not possible to ascertain if the large differences observed in different populations are the result of environmental exposure or experimental variability. Studies using blood have shown vanadium levels of 0.4 to 2.8 pg/L in normal people. The serum contains the largest amount of vanadium with concentration values ranging from 2 to 4 pg/L using atomic absorption spectroscopy [90], The upper limit of vanadium in the urine of normal people was reported to be 22 pg/L, with excretion values averaging below 8 pg/24 h. Vanadium is widely available in nutrition stores for athletes, who believe it to be a nonsteroidal compound that increases muscle mass at a dose of approximately 7 to 10 mg day, without any reports of toxicity [91]. 

Diphenylcarhohydrazide was used to determine vanadium in alloys, steel, natural and potable water, waste water, blood, urine and soil [10]. The DL of was 20 ng mf was achieved. 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde benzoylhydrazone was proposed for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of V, Cu and Fe [11]. 

If vanadium is in the air, you can breathe it into your lungs. Most of it leaves your body in the air you breathe out, but some stays in your lungs. The part that isn t breathed out can go through your lungs and get into your bloodstream. You may eat or drink small amounts of vanadium in food and water. Most of this does not enter your bloodstream, but leaves your body in your feces. However, small amounts that you swallow can enter your bloodstream. Most of the vanadium that enters your bloodstream leaves your body quickly in the urine. If you get vanadium on your skin, it is unlikely that it will enter your body by passing through your skin. For more information about how vanadium enters and leaves your body, see Chapter 2. 

GFAAS has also been used for measuring trace levels of vanadium in the serum and urine of humans and animals (Ishida et al. 1989 Mousty et al. 1984). Detection limits of 0.08 ag/L in serum and 0.06 ag/L in urine were achieved (Ishida et al. 1989). The GFAAS technique is as sensitive as NAA, and is also rapid, simple, relatively free from interference, and relatively inexpensive (Ishida et al. 1989 Krishnan et al. 1976). 

Gylseth B, Leira HL, Steinnes E, et al. 1979. Vanadium in the blood and urine of workers in a ferroalloy plant. Scand J Work Environ Health 5 188-194. 

Sabbioni E, Kucera J, Pietra R and Vesterberg O (1996) A critical review on normal concentrations of vanadium in human blood, serum and urine. Sci Total Environ 188 49 - 58. 

Table 1 shows the urinary levels of vanadium in occupationally non-exposed subjects. It is generally agreed that the normal concentrations are less than 1 y g/L urine. 

VANADIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN URINE SAMPLES OF NON-OCCUPATIONALLY-EX-POSED SUBJECTS... 

Other authors propose the APDC/MIBK chelation/extraction system for the vanadium determination in urine by GFAAS (Buratti et al., 1985 White et al., 1987). A detection limit of 0.4 /[Pg.534]

DCP-OES procedure for animal tissues have been published in which the lower limit of the working range for vanadium is 3 /standard addition was used. For the determination of low vanadium concentrations in urine and serum, the use of an extraction method with APDC into MIBK was necessary. The detection limit was about 2.5 figlL (Pyy et al., 1983). 

For risk assessment in the case of vanadium uptake urine is the matrix of choice. The collection of urine is non-invasive and is practical under routine conditions. Moreover this parameter is more sensitive for diagnostic purposes than the vanadium concentration in blood. A tentative biological threshold limit value of 50 mg/kg creatinine has been proposed for urinary vanadium (Lauwerys, 1983). 

The lUPAC (International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry) reference method for the determination of nickel in serum and urine [43], for example, recommends an acid digestion followed by extraction with APDC-MIBK prior to ETAAS determination. Similar procedures were described for molybdenum in blood plasma which was extracted as the 8-hydroxyquinoline complex prior to its determination by ETAAS [44] and for vanadium in serum and urine [45]. There is no question, however, that these procedures require skilled operators. As multistage manual procedures they also bear the risk of analyte loss and/or contamination, so that the final result may not always reflect the analyte concentration in the original sample. 

In the human gastrointestinal tract, only 0.1-1% of vanadium contained in the diet is resorbed. For some laboratory animals, however, fairly high resorption of vanadium from the diet with a predominance of casein and carbohydrates has been observed. Vanadium resorbed in the form of metavanadate ions (VOj") containing V is reduced by glutathione in the blood to VO + ions that contain V and form 2 1 metal-protein complexes with ferritin and transferrin. Transferrin then obviously provides the distribution of vanadium in the tissues. Vanadium is also present in a metallopro-tein (metaUoporphyrin) called haemovanadin. Excessive intake of vanadium is excreted in the urine. 

Later, Chasteen, Lord, and Thompson used EPR to determine the chemical forms of both absorbed vanadium in tissue and excreted vanadium in the urine and feces of rats given VOSO4 in drinking water over long periods. EPR signals were well defined in the stomach, duodenum, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, and elimination products [78],... 

Schroeder HA, Mitchener M, Nason AP (1970) Zirconium, niobium, antimony, vanadium and lead in rats life term studies. J Nutr 100(l) 59-68 Schulz C, Angerer J, Ewers U et al (2009) Revised and new reference values for environmental pollutants in urine or blood of children in Germany derived from the German environmental survey on children 2003-2006 (GerES IV). Int J Hyg Environ Health 212(6) 637-647 Shirai S, Suzuki Y, Yoshinaga J et al (2010) Maternal exposure to low-level heavy metals during pregnancy and birth size. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 45(11) 1468-1474... 

An advantage of ICP-MS over AAS is that matrix-matched standards are no longer necessary as internal standards can adequately compensate for the matrix effects on many of the elements measured. Also, the need for complicated separations to remove the analyte from the matrix is generally no longer necessary, e.g. for molybdenum in urine, ° arsenic in urine and vanadium (with CCT). ... 

Using quadrupole ICP-MS, it has not been fully possible to use mathematical corrections to correct for the interferences of Se, V and Cr in urine. With the advances in CCT it is now possible to determine elements such as selenium, vanadium and chromium in urine by introducing gases in a collision cell to remove the interference. The introduction of CCT effectively means that AAS will no longer be required in the clinical laboratory for such analysis. 

Nixon, D. R.,Neubauer, K. R.,Eckdahl, S. J.,Butz, J. A., andBurritt,M. F. (2002) Evaluation of a tunable bandpass reaction cell for an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer for the determination of chromium and vanadium in serum and urine. Spectrochim. Acta B, 57, 951-66. 

Allan Walsh, in 1955, was the pioneer for the introduction of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), which eventually proved to be one of the best-known-instrumental-techniques in the analytical armamentarium, that has since been exploited both intensively and extensively in carrying out the quantitative determination of trace metals in liquids of completely diversified nature, for instance blood serum-for Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ edible oils-Ni2+ beer samples-Cu+ gasoline (petrol)-Pb2+ urine-Se4+ tap-water-Mg2+ Ca2+ lubricating oil-Vanadium (V). 

Absorbed vanadium is primarily excreted in the urine, and it was detectable in 12 of the workers for periods of up to 2 weeks. Urinary vanadium concentrations were elevated in workers exposed to mean air concentrations of 0.1-0.28mg/m but there was no correlation between the air and urinary concentrations. Although most absorbed vanadium was excreted within 1 day after cessation of exposure, increased excretion relative to unexposed controls continued for more than 2 weeks among chronically exposed workers. ... 

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