Urine minerals

Patel VK, Emmett M, Santa Ana C, Fordtran JS. Pathogenesis of nephrocalcinosis after sodium phosphate catharsis to prepare for colonoscopy Intestinal phosphate absorption and its effect on urine mineral and electrolyte excretion. Fluman Pathol 2007 38 193-4. 

Seawater, urine, mineral water, soil, physiological solutions... 

Since dietary cereals are low in sulfur-containing amino acids, they produce an alkaline urine which favors the retention of bone minerals. In post-menopausal women, there appears to be some interaction between the diet and the effect produced by estrogens on bone mineral content (28). 

Potassium nitrate, essential in the manufacture of black gun powder, was produced by the Chinese, who had developed gun powder by the tenth century AD. The process involved the leaching of soil in which nitrogen from urine had combined with mineral potassium. By the early 1800s, potassium nitrate had become a strategic military chemical and was stiU produced, primarily in India, by using the ancient Chinese method. The caUche deposits in Chile are the only natural source of potassium nitrate (2). These deposits are not a rich source of potassium nitrate, purifying only to about 14% as K O. 

The methods I- 4 of sample preparation are classics. As a mle they give a high value of blank and some of them take a lot of time. Microwave sample preparation is perspective, more convenient and much more faster procedure than classical mineralization. There are some problems with the combination Cendall-Kolthoff s kinetic method and microwave sample preparation which discussed. The experimental data of different complex organic matrix are demonstrated (food products on fat, peptides, hydrocarbone matrix, urine etc). 

Treatment for Wilson disease consists of a diet low in copper along with Ufelong administration of penicillamine, which chelates copper, is excreted in the urine, and thus depletes the body of the excess of this mineral. 

Of all the elements, phosphorus is the only one that was first isolated from a human source. The element was extracted from human urine in 1669 using an unsavory process After a sample of urine was allowed to stand for several days, the putrefied liquid was boiled until only a paste remained. Further heating of the paste at high temperature produced a gas that condensed to a waxy white solid when the vapor was bubbled into water. It wasn t until 1779 that phosphorus was discovered in mineral form, as a component of phosphate minerals. 

The sinusoids transport both portal and arterial blood to the hepatocytes. The systemic blood delivered to the liver contains nutrients, drugs, and ingested toxins. The liver processes the nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals) for either immediate use or for storage, while the drugs and toxins are metabolized through a variety of processes known as first-pass metabolism. The liver also processes metabolic waste products for excretion. In cirrhosis, bilirubin (from the enzymatic breakdown of heme) can accumulate this causes jaundice (yellowing of the skin), scleral icterus (yellowing of the sclera), and tea-colored urine (urinary bilirubin excretion). 

Hydraulic fluids themselves cannot be measured in blood, urine, or feces, but certain chemicals in them can be measured. Aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are major components of mineral oil hydraulic fluids and polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids, can be detected in the feces. Certain components of organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids leave the body in urine. Some of these fluids inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase. Cholinesterase activity in blood can be measured. Because many other chemicals also inhibit cholinesterase activity in blood, this test is not specific for organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids. This test is not available at most doctor s offices, but can be arranged at any hospital laboratory. See Chapters 2 and 6 for more information. 

Approximately 80% of administered radioactivity was excreted in the feces of rats within 2 days of oral administration of single 0.66 mL/kg doses of tritiated mineral oil (Ebert et al. 1966). Of administered radioactivity, 7-8% was excreted in the urine, but was in chemical forms other than mineral oil. The fecal radioactivity was predominately (90%) in the form of mineral oil. Pretreatment of the rats with 0.66 mL/kg/day nonradioactive mineral oil for 31 days did not substantially alter the excretion patterns. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. The only information regarding renal effects in humans or animals following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to mineral oil hydraulic fluids are two animal studies. Histopathological examination of the kidneys from rats exposed to < 1.0 mg/m3 of the water-in-oil emulsion hydraulic fluid Houghto-Safe 5047F for 90 days, 23 hours/day, showed no treatment-related lesions (Kinkead et al. 1991). Persistent diuresis, and increased protein and protein/creatinine ratios in the urine were reported in rats orally exposed to 1,000 mg/kg/day MIL-H-5606 for 26 days (Mattie et al. 

The fact that mineralization does not always occur justifies the large number of studies published as an effort to characterize the degradation products. In some cases these products are detected in human or animal urine, which may reach WWTPs and/or different environmental compartments. Probably, in the coming years more sophisticated analytical techniques to detect and quantify these metabolites will be developed. 

The diet treatments were level of phytate intake, either 0.2 or 2.0 g/day. Each level was consumed for 15 days, three consecutive repeats of the 5-day menu cycle. To provide 2.0 g/day of phytic acid, 36 g of wheat bran was baked into 6 muffins and two muffins were eaten each meal. Dephytinized bran was prepared by incubating the bran in water and allowing the endogenous phytase to hydrolyze the phytate, then the entire incubation mixture was freeze-dried (4) and 36 g baked into 6 muffins. Thus, the intake of all nutrients and neutral detergent fiber was the same for both phytate intakes. Five subjects consumed the whole bran muffins for 15 days followed by the dephytinized bran muffins for 15 days and the other 5 subjects in the reverse order. Brilliant blue dye was given at breakfast on the first day of each collection period to aid in demarcation of stools. Stool composites were made for days 1-5, 6-15, 16-20 and 21-30 and urine composites for days 6-15, and 21-30. Daily food composites were made, homogenized, freeze-dried and then analyzed to determine mineral nutrient intakes. 

The present communication is concerned with calcium balance studies carried out during the Intake of a variety of dietary factors including minerals and protein as well as drugs. The studies were performed In adult males under strictly controlled conditions in the Metabolic Research Unit. The diet was kept constant throughout the relatively long term studies and complete collections of urine and stool were obtained. The composition of this diet was previously described (5). The diet and the excretions in urine and stool were analyzed for calcium throughout the studies. These data formed the basis of calcium balances which were determined for several weeks. Calcium was analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (6). 

The data presented in this paper indicate that excess levels (0.75%) of dietary zinc result in decreases in the bioavailability of calcium and phosphorus in rats and interfere with normal bone mineralization. High dietary levels of calcium or zinc appeared to cause a shift in the excretion of phosphorus from the urine to the feces, while the presence of extra phosphorus tended to keep the pathway of phosphorus excretion via the urine. The presence of large amounts of phosphorus in the Intestinal tract due to high intakes of zinc would increase the possibility of the formation of insoluble phosphate salts with various cations, including calcium, which may be present. A shift in phosphorus excretion from the feces to the urine, however, could result in an environmental condition within the system which would tend to increase the bioavailability of cations to the animal. The adverse effect of zinc toxicity on calcium and phosphorus status of young rats could be alleviated with calcium and/or phosphorus supplements. 

Weanling female rats were used as the test model in these studies. They were housed individually (10 rats/diet) and offered diet and deionized water ad libitum for 5 months. Apparent calcium and phosphorus absorption and urinary Ca and P losses were measured on collections made the last five days each month. Urine volume and pH values were also recorded. Other data (growth response, serum Ca and P levels, femur mineral composition, femur strength and density, and femur histology) were obtained at the end of the 5-month feeding study. Details of this and the analytical methods used are presented elsewhere (8). All data were subjected to appropriate statistical analyses. 

In Fig.l the separation result is mentioned for a filter net of meshsize 0.78x0.78 mm. From Fig.l it is apparent that about 35% of the total faeces and urine is removed as a solid and that about 90% of the total dry matter is in the faeces. Also for a number of minerals, P205, CaO, MgO and Cu, it amounts to more than 90%. Nitrogen and potassium were separated in smaller amounts, about 60% and 40% respectively, being retained in the solid. 

From Table 1 it is evident that the percentages of the minerals in the faeces are high. In the urine the percentages are much lower except potassium. 

The main filtering units of the kidneys are called nephrons-, about one million nephrons are present in each kidney. Each nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a unit called a tubule. Blood carrying normal metabolic wastes such as urea and creatine moves through a portion of the corpuscle called the glomerulus, where a filtrate forms that contains water, normal metabolic products, and also waste products the filtrate collects in another unit called Bowman s capsule. Glomerular filtrate then moves into a highly convoluted and multifaceted set of tubes - the tubule - where most useful products (water, vitamins, some minerals, glucose, amino acids) are taken back into the blood, and from which waste products are collected as urine. The relative amounts of water and minerals secreted or returned to the blood are under hormonal control. 

NH+ Nonactin or dinactin Activity of nitrate reductase, ammonium in mineral water, fruit juice, beer, urine, sewage water 138... 

The isomers of cresol are excreted in the urine as their glucuronides and sulfates (Biemiek and Wilczok 1986). To analyze for cresols directly, they must first be separated from the biological carrier. This is usually accomplished by heating a urine sample with a concentrated mineral acid for 30 minutes to 1 hour (Angerer and Wulf 1985 DeRosa et al. 1987 Needham et al. 1984 ... 

Mechanism of Action A bisphosphonate that inhibits normal and abnormal bone resorption, without retarding mineralization. Therapeutic Effect Leads to significantly increased bone mineral density reverses the progression of osteoporosis. Pharmacokinetics Poorly absorbed after oral administration. Protein binding 78%. After oral administration, rapidly taken into bone, with uptake greatest at sites of active bone turnover. Excreted in urine. Terminal half-life Greater than lOyr (reflects release from skeleton as bone is resorbed). 

Mechanism of Action An enzymatic mineral that is an essential component in the formation of Hgb, myoglobin, and enzymes. Promotes effective erythropoiesis and transport and utilization of oxygen (Oj). Therapeutic Effect Prevents iron deficiency. Pharmacokinetics Absorbed in the duodenum and upper jejunum. Ten percent absorbed in patients with normal iron stores increased to 20%-30%in those with inadequate iron stores. Primarily bound to serum transferrin. Excreted in urine, sweat, and sloughing of intestinal mucosa. Half-life 6 hr. 

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