Urine analysis, monitoring

During refueling, the respective concentrations were 1.64, 1.33, 0.78, 0.19, and 6.34 mBq/m3 (44.3, 35.9, 21,5.1, and 171 fCi/m3). The derived air concentration recommended by the ICRP for occupational exposure is 80.0 mBq/m3 (2,200 fCi/m3). In 1997, the French radiation protection office conducted monitoring (24-hour urine analysis/whole body activity measurements) of workers in the non-nuclear energy field (i.e., nuclear medicine, research laboratories, and non-nuclear industries) to ascertain the occupational intake of radionuclides (De Vathaire et al. 1998). 241Am was not detected in samples from any of the 37 workers who worked with the isotope. 

Kawai T, Yasugi T, Mizunuma K, et al. 1993. Comparative evaluation of blood and urine analysis as a tool for biological monitoring of -hexane and toluene. Int Arch Occp Environ Health 65 S123-S126. 

Kawai, T., Yasugi. T., Horiguchi, S., Uchida, Y, Iwami, O., Iguchi, H., Inoue, O., Watanabe, T., Nakatsuka, H. Ikeda, M. (1990) Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to isopropyl alcohol vapour by urine analysis for acetone. Int. Arch, occup. environ. Health, 62, 409-413... 

In the case of most chemicals, urine analysis provides less precise information than blood serum analysis about the donor s instantaneous state of health. This is because the chemicals build up over time as filtered by the kidney and are diluted by variable amounts of water in the bladder depending upon the donor s hydration state. However, the easy availability of urine, compared with blood, means that repeated urinalysis can monitor a person s state of health with little pain or disruption. As noted above, another major use of urine analysis is the detection of breakdown products from medications or illegal drugs. 

B. Bocca, A. Alimonti, A. Cristaudo, E. Cristallini, F. Petrucci, S. Caroli, Monitoring of the exposure to platinum-group elements for two Italian population groups through urine analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta, 512 (2004), 19 D25. 

Murray. W, J,. and Franklin. C. A. (1992), Monitoring for exposure 10 amieholinescerase-inhibiiing organophosphonis and carbamate compounds by urine analysis. In Clinical and Experimeniai Toxicology of Organophospluiles and Carbamates (B, Ballantyne, and T, C. Marrs, eds,), Butterworth-Heinemann, London,... 

In the beginning, for the most part the metabolites of drugs could only be identified in urine when a spectrum of the isolated (or independently synthesized) substance was known. For example, oxpentifylline, extensively used in the treatment of vascular diseases, and its acidic metabolite l-(4 -carboxybutyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine can be directly identified and quantified in a freeze-dried urine sample using a 250-MHz spectrometer [6], The medication of lymphatic filariasis with diethylcarbamazepine has to be monitored for several reasons [7]. Since the drug lacks an absorbing chromophore (HPLC/UV-detection) and GC needs a special detector and troublesome extraction method, H NMR spectroscopy appears to be suitable for the urine analysis the urine samples were mixed with 10% D2O and directly measured afterwards. 

Applicators and residents of dichlorvos (DDVP) treated structures were monitored for evidence of insecticide exposure using exposure pads, air samplers, serum and red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE) tests, and urine analysis. There was no evidence of DDVP or dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) in the urine of applicators or cooperators. There were slight but significant differences (Pi0.05) in serum AChE activity of residents of treated units, but erythrocyte AChE was unchanged. Applicator AChE test results were inconclusive. It was concluded that there was not a significant risk. In terms of acute toxicity, to either the pesticide applicators or the residents of treated structures. 

The biological monitoring of solvents emitted from paints or varnishes on humans is not well developed. In two studies,solvents from paints and varnishes were determined in blood, urine and internal breath. Blood and urine analysis is less sensitive than internal breath measurements. This was carried out in a study on exposure to paints in aircraft maintenance. ... 

Tandem MS is used to provide more information than can be afforded by a single mass spectrometer and is widely used for screening complex matrices such as blood and urine. Analysis is achieved, in effect, by performing two stages of SIM. The first mass spectrometer is set to transmit the precursor ion of interest into a region where fragmentation occurs. One of the product ions is monitored by a second mass spectrometer. Selection of an appropriate internal... 

Ion-selective electrodes are available for the electro analysis of most small anions, eg, haUdes, sulfide, carbonate, nitrate, etc, and cations, eg, lithium, sodium, potassium, hydrogen, magnesium, calcium, etc, but having varying degrees of selectivity. The most successful uses of these electrodes involve process monitoring, eg, for pH, where precision beyond the unstable reference electrode s abiUty to deUver is not generally required, and for clinical apphcations, eg, sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbonate in blood, urine, and semm. 

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