Clinical apphcation

Product Clinical appHcation Molecularweight x 10 Normal plasma concentration, g/L... 

Process Rationale. The products of plasma fractionation must be both safe and efftcaceous, having an active component, protein composition, formulation, stabiUty, and dose form appropriate to the intended clinical appHcation. Processing must address a number of specific issues for each product. Different manufacturers may choose a different set or combination of unit operations for this purpose. 

Antibodies have been generated which produce immunoassays that discriminate between GH-V and GH-N. These assay systems have shown that the secretion of GH-V becomes elevated at about three weeks of pregnancy and increases to approximately 15 ng/mL near term (8). The physiological role of GH-V is uncertain. Genetic deficiency of GH-V does not adversely affect pregnancy or fetal development (9). GH-V is a potent growth-stimulator but possesses considerably less lactogenic activity than GH-N (10). There are no clinical appHcations (ca 1993) for GH-V. 

The development of injectable mictocapsules for deUvery of chemotherapy agents remains another active area of research. The ultimate goal is to achieve targeted deUvery of chemotherapy agents to specific sites in the body, ideaUy by injection of dmg-loaded mictocapsules that would seek out and destroy diseased ceUs. Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy is a direct approach to targeted deUvery. The clinical appHcations of microspheres and mictocapsules in embolization and chemotherapy have been assessed (49) (see Chemotherapeutics, anticancer). 

Mass Spectrometer. The mass spectrometer is the principal analytical tool of direct process control for the estimation of tritium. Gas samples are taken from several process points and analy2ed rapidly and continually to ensure proper operation of the system. Mass spectrometry is particularly useful in the detection of diatomic hydrogen species such as HD, HT, and DT. Mass spectrometric detection of helium-3 formed by radioactive decay of tritium is still another way to detect low levels of tritium (65). Accelerator mass spectroscopy (ams) has also been used for the detection of tritium and carbon-14 at extremely low levels. The principal appHcation of ams as of this writing has been in archeology and the geosciences, but this technique is expected to faciUtate the use of tritium in biomedical research, various clinical appHcations, and in environmental investigations (66). 

Ion-selective electrodes are available for the electro analysis of most small anions, eg, haUdes, sulfide, carbonate, nitrate, etc, and cations, eg, lithium, sodium, potassium, hydrogen, magnesium, calcium, etc, but having varying degrees of selectivity. The most successful uses of these electrodes involve process monitoring, eg, for pH, where precision beyond the unstable reference electrode s abiUty to deUver is not generally required, and for clinical apphcations, eg, sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbonate in blood, urine, and semm. 

Clinical Apphcation of Influenza Virus Sialidase Inhibitors. 137... 

Ullrich H, Jakob W, Frohlich D et al (2001) A new endotoxin adsorber First clinical apphcation. Ther Apher 5(5) 326-34... 

Dunn R.L., Clinical apphcations and update on the poly(a-hydroxy acids) in Hollinger J.O. (ed.) Biomedical Applications of Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, 1995,17-31. 

Zhou W, Chai H, Lin PH, et al. Molecular mechanisms and clinical apphcations of ginseng root for cardiovascular disease. Med Sci Monit. 2004 10 RA187-RA192. 

Cubeddu LX. 2003. QT prolongation and fatal arrhythmias a review of clinical apphcations and effects of drugs. Am. J. Ther. 10. 452-457. 

Athanasiou, K. A., Niederauer, G. G., and Agrawal, C. M. (1996), Sterilization, toxicity, biocompatibihty and clinical apphcations of polylactic acid/polyglycolic acid copolymers. Biomaterials, 17, 93-102. 

Figure 24-4 Cut-away view showing the lacrimal excretory system. Tears drain through the punctum (A) and eventually under the inferior turbinate bone of the nose. Dimensions of the canaliculi serve as references for probing and irrigation. B, canaliculus C, common canaliculus. (Redrawn with permission from Jones LT. Ophthalmic anatomy a manual with some clinical appHcations. 1. The orbital adnexa. Am Acad Ophthalmol 1970 70.)...

Neumanaitis J. Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulatmg factor a review from preclinical development to clinical apphcation. Transfusion 1993 33(l) 70-83. 

Spence RK. Perfluorocarbons in the twenty-first century clinical apphcations as transfusion alternatives. Artif Cells Blood Substit ImmobU Biotechnol 1995 23(3) 367-80. 

In this chapter, the fundamental electrochemical principles of potentiometry, voltammetry and/or amperometry, conductance, and coulometry will be summarized and clinical apphcations presented. Next, optodes and biosensors will be discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of in vivo and minimally invasive sensors. 

Boink ABT, Buckley BM, Christiansen TF, Covington AK, Maas A, Mueller-Plathe O, et al. Recommendations on blood sampling, transport and storage for the determination of the substance concentration of ionized calcium. In Maas AHJ, ed. Methodology and clinical apphcations of ion selective electrodes. 

Frolich M, Wahna ST, Paulson C> Papapoulos SE. Immunoradiometric assay for intact human parathyroid hormone characteristics, clinical appHcation and comparison with a radioimmunoassay. Ann Clin Biochem 1990 27 69-72. 

The main botdeneck of molecular imaging for clinical apphcations is the availability of approved targeted contrast agents. Currently, the greatest number of targeted... 

Which of the following drugs is correctly associated with its clinical apphcation ... 

Caffeine is the most popular psychoactive stimulant. This xanthine alkaloid occurs in coffee, tea, and cola beverages. At a modest dose of 100-200 mg, it enhances wakefulness and reduces fatigue. However, intake of higher quantities (>500 mg/day) can cause addiction. Other psychostimulant substances include deanol, pemoline, and their derivatives. These substances have limited clinical apphcation. The structures of caffeine. 

Oda Y, Kamijyo Y, Okumura T, Tokuriki Y, Yamashita J, Handa H, Aoyama I, Hashi K, Mori K. [Clinical apphcation of a sustained release anticancer pellet]. No Shinkei Geka 1985 13 1305-1311. 

Benoit J.P., Fainsanta N., Venier-Julienne M.C. and Meneibed P. 2000. Development of microspheres for neurological disorders from basics to clinical apphcations, J. Control. Release, 65(1-2), 285-296. 

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