Insecticides exposure

Gupta RC, Goad JT, Kadel WL. 1996. Distribution and responses of brain biomarkers to anticholinesterase insecticides exposure. FASEB J 10 A690. 

Gupta RC, Goad JT, Milatovic D, et al. 2000. Cholinergic and noncholinergic brain biomarkers of insecticide exposure and effects. Hum Exp Toxicol 19 297-308. 

The team led by Whyatt used regression analysis to assess whether there was a difference in the association between chlorpyrifos exposure and birth outcome before and after the EPA s action in the summer of 2000 which had ended residential use of chlorpyrifos. Prior to 2001, chlorpyrifos clearly had an impact on birth outcome, but after the EPA action taken in June 2000, levels of exposure declined and there was no longer a statistically significant association between insecticide exposure and birth outcome (Whyatt et al., 2004, 2005). This study provides encouraging evidence linking an action driven by the FQPA to a significant reduction in prenatal and infant exposures and risk. 

Whyatt, R. M., Camann, D., Perera, F. P., Rauh, V. A., Tang, D., Kinney, P. L., Garfinkel, R., Andrews, H., Hoepner, L. and Barr, D. B. (2005). Biomarkers in assessing residential insecticide exposures during pregnancy and effects on fetal growth . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 206(2), 246-254. 

Flannigan, S.A., S.B. Tucker, M.M. Key, C.E. Ross, E.J. Fairchild II, B.A. Grimes, and R.B. Harrist. 1985. Primary irritant contact dermatitis from synthetic pyrethroid insecticide exposure. Arch. Toxicol. 56 288-294. 

Yarbrough JD, Chambers JE, Robinson KM. 1982. Alterations in liver structure and function resulting from chronic insecticide exposure. In Chambers JE, Yarbrough JD, eds. Effects of chronic exposures to pesticides on animal systems. New York, NY Raven Press, 25-59. 

Table IV - Ratios (Susceptible/Resistant S/R) of Insecticide Accumulated in Brains and Livers Following 6 hr of Relabelled Insecticide Exposure ...

From the data presented, there is obviously a more effective barrier to insecticide penetration in R fish than in S fish. Further, this barrier apparently operates over a wide range of exposure levels. For example, when the tissue concentration in brains from R fish exposed to 10 yg/1 are compared to tissue concentrations in brains of R fish exposed to 314 yg/1 endrin, there is a 10-fold increase in endrin concentration in brain tissue (from 6.91 to 73.8 ng endrin equivalents/mg wet weight of tissue), although this represents a 30-fold increase in the insecticide exposure level. However, in S fish, the level of insecticide in brain tissue increased 355-fold (from 0.5 to 192.2 ng endrin equivalents/mg wet weight of tissue) when the insecticide exposure level was raised 17-fold (from 0.6 to 10 yg/1) (submitted for publication). It should be pointed out that the 314 yg/1 exposure levels in the R fish represents the 48-hr LC50 value while the 0.6 yg/1 exposure level is the 48-hr LC50 value for S fish. Therefore these data represent comparisons of the S and R populations at both equitoxic and equal exposure levels of endrin. 

Bernard, C. E., et al. (2001). Environmental residues and biomonitoring estimates of human insecticide exposure from treated residential turf. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41(2) 237-240. 

C. Symptoms that occur during the work day and clear up after work are often due to inhalation exposure of volatile or aerosol materials. The solvents used in printing inks cause light-headedness and sedation. The symptoms are not those of herbicide exposure and insecticide exposure. 

Metrifonate is an organophosphorous compound that is effective only in the treatment of S. haematobium The active metabolite, dichlorvos, inactivates acetylcholinesterase and potentiates inhibitory cholinergic effects. The schistosomes are swept away from the bladder to the lungs and are trapped. Therapeutic doses produce no untoward side effects except for mild cholinergic symptoms. It is contraindicated in pregnancy, previous insecticide exposure, or with depolarizing neuromuscular blockers. Metrifonate is not available in the United States. 

It is now known that there are many ways, other than direct toxicity, in which the use of a pesticide can adversely affect the population of a non-target organism. Suppose an insecticide is sprayed on a held to control a particular insect pest. The chances of any adult bird being directly sprayed are very low. More vulnerable are chicks, especially if they are fed insects that are dying from the insecticide exposure, ffowever, maybe the biggest problem will be the starvation of the insect-eating chicks, if the insecticide works well. Likewise, a herbicide that is not directly toxic to birds can remove the food source (weed seeds) from a bird population. 

Whyatt, R.M., V. Rauh, D.B. Barr, D.E. Camann, H.F. Andrews, R. Garfinkel, L.A. Hoepner, D. Diaz, J. Dietrich, A. Reyes, D. Tang, P.L. Kinney, and F.P. Perera. 2004. Prenatal insecticide exposures and birth weight and length among an urban minority cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 112(10) 1125-1132. 

J.D. Yarbrough, J.E. Chambers, K.M. Robinson, Alterations in liver structure and functions resulting from chronic insecticide exposure, in Effects of Chronic Exposure to Pesticides on Animal System, J.E. Chambers, and J.D. Yarbrough, eds., Raven Press, New York, 1982. 

Fulton MH, Key PB. 2001. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in estuarine fish and invertebrates as an indicator of organophosphorus insecticide exposure and effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 20 37 15. 

Periy MJ, Venners SA, Barr DB, Xu X. Environmental pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticide exposures and sperm concentration. Reprod Toxicol 2007 23(1) 113 18. 

Fernandez-Sola J, Lluis PM, Nogue XS. Chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple chemical hypersensitivity after insecticide exposure. Med Clin 2005 124(12) 451-3. 

Rumpf, S., Hetzel, F. and Frampton, C. (1997) Lacewings (Neuroptera Hemerobiidae and chrysopidae) and integrated pest management Enzyme activity as biomarker of sublethal insecticide exposure. Journal of Economic Entomology, 90, 102-108. 

An early case report of aldrin poisoning (Spiotta 1951) identified a confounding factor in chemical exposures. Persons may use insecticides in suicide attempts, and a survivor of suicidal poisoning may have a preexisting psychiatric condition. The insecticide may organically modify his or her condition. Most insecticides contain solvents that promote the potential of a combined effect of insecticide and solvent ingestion. Certain symptoms may result from solvent rather than insecticide exposure. 

TABLE 4-3. Psychiatric signs a nd symptoms attributed to insecticide exposure... 

TABLE 4-4. Recommended tests for psychiatric evaluation of insecticide exposure... 

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