Whole-body analysis

Whole-body analysis of mice given a single intraperitoneal injection of 3.25 mg chromium(III)/kg as chromium trichloride showed that chromium trichloride was released very slowly over 21 days 87% was retained 3 days after treatment, 73% after 7 days treatment, and 45% after 21 days. In contrast, mice given a single intraperitoneal injection of 3.23 chromium(VI)/kg as potassium dichromate retained only 31% of the chromium(VI) dose at 3 days, 16% at 7 days, and 7.5% at 21 days. Mice injected weekly with chromium(III) compounds at 17% of the LD50 retained 6 times the amount of chromium as mice injected with chromium(VI) compounds at 17% of the LD50. The retention of chromium(III) was attributed to its ability to form coordination complexes with tissue components such a proteins and amino acids (Bryson and Goodall 1983). 

Radioactivity profiling in plasma, urine, bile, and feces of appropriate animals and human subjects from mass balance studies enable a quantitative evaluation of the absorption, tissue distribution, and excretion of a drug candidate. The data can be supplemented with tissue distribution information from whole-body analysis and the further defining the sites of absorption and excretion in surgically prepared animals. 

During 1985, 16 deer mice again were collected from 50 traps near 116-N-l. Sampling results from whole body analysis of the mice, presented In Table 5-27, Indicated relatively high concentrations of Co, Fe, and Mn. 

The contractor has reported that the internal dose evaluation program for K-Reactor incorporates extensive bioassay sampling for tritium and state-of-the-art whole body counting for fission products with Fast Scan devices. The contractor has stated that it is confident that both the tritium bioassay program and the Fast Scan whole body analysis meet the requirements of the Order. 

Pre-exposure proeessing and preparation of the inner and outer whole-body dosimeters for use in the field should be eonsidered. The analytieal laboratory should determine if the fabric of the dosimeter of choice contains any analytical interference, which may be a problem in subsequent analysis of the fabric. If such analytical interferences are present in the fabric of the dosimeter, they may be reduced by pre-washing the dosimeter material prior to use in the field. The dosimeter is usually pre-washed (sometimes more than once) and rinsed several times prior to thorough drying. The washing detergent of choice should be as free as possible from additive brighteners and other chemicals, which may cause analytical interferences. 

During refueling, the respective concentrations were 1.64, 1.33, 0.78, 0.19, and 6.34 mBq/m3 (44.3, 35.9, 21,5.1, and 171 fCi/m3). The derived air concentration recommended by the ICRP for occupational exposure is 80.0 mBq/m3 (2,200 fCi/m3). In 1997, the French radiation protection office conducted monitoring (24-hour urine analysis/whole body activity measurements) of workers in the non-nuclear energy field (i.e., nuclear medicine, research laboratories, and non-nuclear industries) to ascertain the occupational intake of radionuclides (De Vathaire et al. 1998). 241Am was not detected in samples from any of the 37 workers who worked with the isotope. 

McInroy JF, Boyd HA, Eutsler BC, Romero D. 1985. The US Transuranium Registry report on the 241 Am content of a whole body. Part IV Preparation and analysis of the tissue and bones. Health Phys 49 587-621. 

Thomas RG. 1970. Estimation of241 Am body burdens by analysis of whole-body scanning, excreta, and body weight data. Health Phys 19 751-755. 

Fig. 1 Solid-state NMR structure analysis relies on the 19F-labelled peptides being uniformly embedded in a macroscopically oriented membrane sample, (a) The angle (0) of the 19F-labelled group (e.g. a CF3-moiety) on the peptide backbone (shown here as a cylinder) relative to the static magnetic field is directly reflected in the NMR parameter measured (e.g. DD, see Fig. 2c). (b) The value of the experimental NMR parameter varies along the peptide sequence with a periodicity that is characteristic for distinct peptide conformations, (c) From such wave plot the alignment of the peptide with respect to the lipid bilayer normal (n) can then be evaluated in terms of its tilt angle (x) and azimuthal rotation (p). Whole-body wobbling can be described by an order parameter, S rtlo. (d) The combined data from several individual 19F-labelled peptide analogues thus yields a 3D structural model of the peptide and how it is oriented in the lipid bilayer...

Esteban-Martin S, Strandberg E, Fuertes G, Ulrich AS, Salgado J (2009) Influence of whole-body dynamics on 15N PISEMA NMR spectra of membrane proteins a theoretical analysis. Biophys J 96 3233-3241... 

In adult female CFY rats exposed by inhalation (whole-body) to nominal concentrations of 1,000 ppm 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 3 hours a day for 10 days, analysis of metabolites in urine indicated that more than 50% was a sulfate of 2,5-dichlorophenol, and much of the rest was a glucuronide conjugate of... 

Aristolochic acid I (143), isolated from whole bodies of swallowtail butterflies of the genus Pachlioptera, is the already known substance and was identified by the mass spectrum (75). One of the two acidic components obtained from ap-osematic butterflies of the genus Zerynthia has been identified as aristolochic acid C (145) by direct comparison with an authentic sample. The other, first isolated from this butterfly, has been identified as aristolochic acid la (144) by mass spectral analysis and its derivation to aristolochic acid I methyl ester (146) (74). 

Schirrmeister et al. prospectively evaluated the clinical value of planar bone scans, SPECT and [ F]-labeled sodium fluoride in 53 patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer [193], Twelve of the 53 patients turned out to have bone metas-tases. [ F]-fluoride-PET detected all patients with bone metastases, whereas bone scan and SPECT produced false-negative results (6 vs. 1). An area under the curve analysis (ROC) proved p F]-fluoride-PET to be the most accurate whole-body imaging modality for screening of bone metastases in this study. 

Khatib-Shahidi, S., Andersson, M., Herman, J. L., Gillespie, T. A., and Caprioli, R. M. (2006). Direct molecular analysis of whole-body animal tissue sections by imaging MALDI mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 78 6448-6456. 

Wood CM, McDonald DG, Ingersoll CG, et al. 1990. Effects of water acidity, calcium, and aluminum on whole body ions of brook trout (salvelinus fontinalis) continuously exposed from fertilization to swim-up A study by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 47 1593-1603. 

Chemical carcass analysis is considered the gold standard for accurate whole body composition analysis (13). It is, however, terminal and time consuming. The adiposity index can also be measured by dissecting and weighing of fat depots in individual animals (14). This method is also terminal and less accurate. The collection of visceral fat required can be particularly challenging as it is often spread throughout internal organs. 

Tinsley, F. C., Taicher, G. Z. and Heiman, M. L. (2004) Evaluation of a quantitative magnetic resonance method for mouse whole body composition analysis. Obes Res 12, 150-160. 

The IMS assay has been applied to the analysis of animal organ tissue, skin, whole body, human and animal cancer tissue, and drug formulation. It was also used for MS imaging study on mammalian cell [147], single neurons [148,149], bacteria [150], and MS imaging of features smaller than the size of laser beam [151],... 

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