Urine ammonia

Glutamine is also used by the kidney as a source of ammonia that is used to buffer the urine. Ammonia is released from glutamine by the same enzymes that are active in the liver. The free ammonia accepts a proton to form ammonium ion, thus decreasing the acidity of the urine. 

Ammonia is a coioriess gas with a pungent odor that smells like urine. Ammonia is usually marketed as ammonia water, a... 

The method is based on the conversion of urea to amnionium carbonate and the estimation of the latter by titration with standard acid. For this purpose, two equal quantities of urea (or urine) are measured out into two flasks A and B. A is treated with 10 ml. of a strong urease preparation and some phenol-phthalein, warm water is added and the mixture is adjusted by the addition of V/io HCl from a burette A until the red colour is just discharged. This brings the mixture to about pH 8 (the optimum for urease) and also prevents loss of ammonia. 

Urea [57-13-6] was discovered ia urine by Rouelle ia 1773 and first synthesized from ammonia (qv) and cyanic acid by Woehler ia 1828. This was the first synthesis of an organic compound from an inorganic compound, and it dealt a deathblow to the vital-force theory. In 1870, urea was produced by heating ammonium carbamate ia a sealed tube. 

For humans, 80-90% of ingested nitrogen is excreted as urea. Minor contributions include ammonia and creatinine (in urine), nitrogen compounds in... 

Excretion into urine of ammonia produced by renal mbu-lar cells facilitates cation conservation and regulation of acid-base balance. Ammonia production from intracellular renal amino acids, especially glutamine, increases in metabolic acidosis and decreases in metabolic alkalosis. 

Hyperammonemia Type 2. A deficiency of ornithine transcarbamoylase (reaction 2, Figure 29-9) produces this X chromosome-linked deficiency. The mothers also exhibit hyperammonemia and an aversion to high-protein foods. Levels of glutamine are elevated in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine, probably due to enhanced glutamine synthesis in response to elevated levels of tissue ammonia. 

Nitrogen compounds commonly determined are creatinine, urea, and uric acid. Creatinine is an end product of the energy process occurring within the muscles, and is thus related to muscle mass. Creatinine in urine is commonly used as an indicator and correction factor of dilution in urine. Creatinine in serum is an indicator of the filtration capacity of the kidney. Urea is the end product of the nitrogen luea cycle, starting with carbon dioxide and ammonia, and is the bulk compoimd of urine. The production of uric acid is associated with the disease gout. In some cases, it appears that the excess of uric acid is a consequence of impaired renal excretion of this substance. 

A major pollutant is ammonia (NH3), which is continually added to pool water through the decomposition of the urea in nitrogenous products (urine, sweat etc) introduced by bathers. 

Zaman M, Blennerhassett JD. Effects of the different rates of urease and nitrification inhibitors on gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide, nitrate leaching and pasture production from urine patches in an intensive grazed pasture system. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment. 2010 136 236-246. 

Fused-silica column (15 cm x 4.6 mm) of Spherisorb S5W 0.1 mL chloroform-methanol-aqueous 25% ammonia (868 125 7) [1.5 mL/min] 254 nm Normal phase HPLC analysis in whole blood and urine. [96]... 

As the one of the main end products of protein metabolism in living organisms, urea is a primary source of organic nitrogen in soil (from animal urine, fertilizers, etc.). Monitoring the level of urea is important for medicine, as well as for environmental protection. Urease is an enzyme that breaks the carbon-nitrogen bond of amides to form carbon dioxide, ammonia and water. This enzyme is widely used for determination of urea in... 

Willis 93) extracted lead directly from 200 ml of urine with APDC into 1.5 ml of methyl-n-amyl ketone. He was able to determine as little as 0.02 ppm of lead. Kopito and Shwachman 141>, on the other hand, co-precipitate the lead from urine with bismuth nitrate by adding ammonia. The precipitated bismuth hydroxide is dissolved in acid and this solution is aspirated. Coprecipitation of the lead is not quantitative, and so standards should be prepared in the same manner. It should be possible to employ this procedure with protein free filtrates of blood without the necessity of close pH control. 

In 1952 Carsten (Cl) developed a method, which allowed him to isolate and characterize several lower peptides contained in normal and pathological urine. According to this procedure, urine was desalted on the Amberlite IR-100 column and the adsorbed substances washed out with 2 M ammonia solution. The eluate was then passed through the column of Amberlite IRA-400. This column retained the ampholytes and rejected the weak bases. The former were recovered by elution with 1 M hydrochloric acid and the eluate was subsequently fractionated on Dowex 50 resin with 2M and later 4M hydrochloric acid as the eluents. By applying two-dimensional paper chromatography to further analysis of... 

One of the major constituents of urine is the di-amine, urea (III). Each amine group in urea should remind us of ammonia in Equation (6.11). Solutions of urea in water are basic because the two amine moieties each abstract a proton from water, to generate an ammonium salt and a hydroxide ion ... 

The presence of hexamethylenediamine (4c) in hydrolyzed human urine is indicative of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate. The diamine was determined after derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride followed by GC-CI-MS, using ammonia as the ionizing reagent and deuterated hexamethylenediamine as internal standard LOD 0.5 j.ig/L urine97. 

VALLIS, I., HARPER, L.A., CATCHPOOLE, V.R., and WEIER, K.L. (1982). Volatilisation of ammonia from urine patches in a sub-tropical pasture. Australian Journal Agricultural Research 33, 97-107. 

SHERLOCK, R.R. and GOH, K.M. (1984). Dynamics of ammonia volatilisation from simulated urine patches and aqueous urea applied to pasture. I. Field experiments. Fertilizer Research 5,181-196. 

The ammonia content of the air was determined using a Drager detector tube, which is not very accurate, particularly at low concentrations. In theory the acidic nature of of peat suggests it should bind ammonia far better than the other Utters. However, the results obtained indicate that the use of peat freshens up the cowshed air only if the manure removal and urine separation systems are working efficiently. 

Urea, another common example of an amide, is made from the reaction between carbon dioxide gas, CO2, and ammonia, NH3. Urea was the first organic compound to be synthesized in a laboratory. It is found in the urine of many mammals, including humans, and it is used as a fertilizer. 

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