United States National Bureau Standards

I. Newman, Stephen A., 1938- II. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. III. United States. National Bureau of Standards. IV. United States. National Science Foundation. V. Series American Chemical Society. ACS symposium series 133. 

Certified Reference Materials. Certified Reference Materials are materials whose properties have been guaranteed or certified by recognized bodies. The certified analyses of these materials can be used as an estimate of the "true" value for assessment of accuracy. The United States National Bureau of Standards (NBS) provides an inventory of various materials whose compositions (and properties) have been measured using definitive and reference methods. These materials, Standard Reference Materials (SRM s), when used in conjunction with reference methods, i.e., one of demonstrated accuracy, make it possible to transfer accuracy between measurement protocols. 

USNBS 1982. United States National Bureau of Standards tables of molar thermodynamic properties. J. Phys. Chem Ref. Data, 11 (Supp. 2). World Wide Web Addresses http //www.ualberta.ca/ jplambec/che/data/p00404.htm and http // www.ucdsb.on.ca/tiss/stretton/cheml/data3.htm. 

Major component, best determined by other means,—i.e., the analyst has little confidence in this value. b Sample 3 is standard reference material 124c from the United States National Bureau of Standards. The last line (NBS values) shows the values on the analysis certificate, based on a number of wet determinations for each element using 1-gram samples. The alloy also contains P =. 024%, Si =. 002%,... 

While thermal energy units were defined for many years as indicated above, it is now customary to define them arbitrarily in terms of mechanical units, with no reference to the heating of water. At the present time, there are two defined gram-calories in wide use, the United States National Bureau of Standards thermochemical... 

In the early 1950s, the United States National Bureau of Standards evaluated a battery electrolyte additive which contained sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate. The manufacturer s claim was that the additive could restore the performance of... 

Clifton JR, Paul WB, Geoffrey F (1977) Survey of uses of Waste materials in construction in the United States. National Bureau of Standards, Report No NBSIR 77-1244, Washington, DC, p 327... 

The usual standards for pH measurement are 0.05 m potassium hydrogen phthalate and 0.01 M sodium borate buffers having the assigned values given in Table 3.1. (Strictly, the United States National Bureau of Standards (NBS) standards are based on molalities (moles per kg. 

This has led to attempts to develop pH scales which have a sounder theoretical basis, where the asterisk now indicates that the value is measured relative to an ideal dilute solution in the same solvent. The pH scales are estabhshed on the basis of assigned values to particular buffers in the solvent systems, in a manner strictly analogous to the way in which the pH scale has been defined for water. Most of the work in this field has been done by Bates and his colleagues at the United States National Bureau of Standards, and by de Ligny and co-workers in the Netherlands. 

Bennett, L.H., and J. Kruger, 1981, Economic Effects of Metallic Corrosion in the United States, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 511-1,2. 

C. Weber et al., Effects of Fumigants on Paper , United States National Bureau of Standards Journal of Research, 15, 1935, pp. 271-275. 

Standardization is a comparison with a standard of known and accepted value. Standards may be of several sources primary standards [prototype state-of-the-art standards found at NIST the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly known as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), or national equivalent outside the United States] secondary, working standards (standards calibrated to primary standards, which are used for working tools and instruments) and in-house-developed or interim standards (standards developed and used by a particular facility when no primary standard is available). 

Several extensive series of soil-corrosion tests have been carried out by the National Bureau of Standards in the United States, and the results have been summarised by Romanoflf. In one series two types of copper and ten copper alloys were exposed in fourteen different soils for periods up to 14 years. The results for the copper specimens are summarised in Table 4.12. 

United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Handbooks 60 and 62 U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. 60 (1955), 62 (1957). 

Science cannot be performed without an accurate system of measurement, which is globally standardized and compulsory. Units and standards of measurement are agreed upon and harmonized on an international basis by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in Sevres, France, and by the International Organization for Standardization in Geneva, Switzerland. The units and standards are then laid down in national laws. Nearly all countries have accepted the Systeme International d Unites (SI units) as their system of measurement. This also applies to countries that had been accustomed to use British units like Australia, Canada, South Africa and the United States. In Britain, SI units are official from January 2010. The valid standards are available from the competent bureaus, for example Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, www.bip.fr National Measurement Institute (Australia), www.measurement.gov.au National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA), www.physics.nist.gov/ Pubs/SP811/... 

NBS Special Publication 511-1. Economic Effects of Metallic Corrosion in the United States. A Report to Congress by the National Bureau of Standards. SD Stock No. SN-003-01926-7, 1978 NBS Special Publication 511-2. Economic Effect of Metallic Corrosion in the United States. Appendix B. A report to NBS by Battelle Columbus Laboratories. SD Stock No. SN-003-01927-5, 1978. 

During the same period, NIST (the National Institute of Standards and Technology, formerly the National Bureau of Standards) reported that the cost of nondiagnostic medical tests in the United States at the end of the 1990s was 36 billion, about one-third of the total cost of testing. Not all these tests are chemical, and so not all the retests would have been a result of poor quality in a laboratory, but the figure is very large (U.S. Senate 2001). 

After the firing was completed, the permanganate solution was analyzed by the same procedure used for the volatile mercury samples. Mercury in coal samples from the National Bureau of Standards and the United States Bureau of Mines were analyzed simultaneously as controls. At least duplicate analyses were performed on all samples. Empty crucibles were fired into acidic permanganate solutions by an identical procedure to obtain solutions for blank determinations. 

KILOGRAM (kg). A unit of mass and is based upon a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy kept by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Paris. A duplicate in the custody of the National Bureau of Standards at Washington is the mass standard for the United States. The kilogram is the only base unit still defined by an artifact. (A kilogram equals (1) 1,000 grams (2) 2.205 pounds (3) 9,842 x 10-4 long tons or (4) 1 102 x 10-3 short tons. 

In this article both unsensitized and mercury vapor sensitized reactions are discussed. The plan has been to proceed from the chemically simplest system, oxygen molecule, to the chemically most complex, ozone plus hydrogen peroxide. Unless otherwise stated, thermochemical values have been taken from compilations of the National Bureau of Standards (68) and are reported in kcal. for the reaction represented in mole amounts. Conversion factors for energy units, spectroscopic notation, and unless noted, spectroscopically based values have been taken from... 

Fig. 8.1. Standard taper ( ) and spherical joint ( ). When the joints are lubricated with grease, they must generally be held together. Springs or rubber bands arc frequently employed on standard taper joints, while a spring-loaded clamp (illustrated here) or a screw clamp (illustrated in Fig. 8.3) is used with ball joints. The method used for specifying joint sizes in the United States is illustrated, and it is described in detail in National Bureau of Standards, Commercial Standard CS 21-39.

Figure 1. Age-adjusted cancer death rates for selected sites, males, United States, 1930 to 1978. Standardized on the age distribution of the 1970 U.S. census population. Sources of data National Vital Statistics Division and U.S. Bureau of the Census. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 70. Copyright 1982, American...

In such a manner did Claude S. Hudson embark upon his long career in the government service of the United States. This embraced ten years in the Bureau of Chemistry, five years at the National Bureau of Standards, and twenty-two years with the National Institutes of Health of the United States Public Health Service, from which he retired on January 31, 1951. The continuity of this long service was interrupted in 1911-1912, when Hudson served at Princeton University in place of Professor G. A. Hulett, then on leave of absence, and again, during a five-year period from 1919-1924, when he served as a private consultant in Trenton, New Jersey, and in the Hawaiian Islands. It was during the Princeton sojourn that Julian K. Dale met Dr. Hudson and began a Ph. D. disserta-... 

Most of the instrumental direct methods, which are employed in routine analyses, are highly matrix-dependent, therefore methods must be validated with certified standard reference materials. Standard plant reference materials (SRMs), with certified elemental contents can be obtained from NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States Department of Commerce or from BCR, Community Bureau of Reference, Commission of the European Community (Colinet et al., 1982 Criepink, 1990 Horwitz and Albert, 1991). 

The hierarchy established among the different methods and materials suggests an easy organization (Tietz, 1979). However, serious practical problems have hampered fast progress. In the United States and in Europe, the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) and the European Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (ECCLS) have been founded. These standardization organizations promote the development and the ultimate use of reference materials and methods. The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the United States (Bayse, 1982), and the European Community Bureau of Beference (BCR) in Europe, undertake projects oriented more toward the preparation of certified reference materials (BCR, 1982). 

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