Gram, defined

An equivalent expression, using the mass of each component, g, (in grams), defines the partial specific volume, v, ... 

The mol fraction of any constituent in a mixture is defined as the number of mols, or gram molecules, of that constituent divided by the total number of mols, or gram molecules, in the mixture. 

Simple compounds are defined here in an unusual but practical way a simple molecule is one, that may be obtained by four or less synthetic reactions from inexpensive commercial compounds. We call a commercial compound inexpensive if it costs less or not much more than one German mark per gram. This also implies, that only those compounds that cannot be purchased inexpensively are considered as synthetic target molecules in this book. 

Reactivity is measured by placing a standard quantity, 100 mL, of isopropyl alcohol in a 500- or 1000-mL Dewar flask equipped with a stirrer and a temperature-measuring device. The temperature of the alcohol is adjusted to 30°C. Thirty-six grams of the sample are added and the temperature is observed as a function of time from the addition until a maximum is reached. Reactivity is defined as the temperature rise divided by the time interval to reach this maximum. Other alcohols may also be used for measuring reactivity (30). 

The viscosity ratio or relative viscosity, Tj p is the ratio of the viscosity of the polymer solution to the viscosity of the pure solvent. In capillary viscometer measurements, the relative viscosity (dimensionless) is the ratio of the flow time for the solution t to the flow time for the solvent /q (Table 2). The specific (sp) viscosity (dimensionless) is also defined in Table 2, as is the viscosity number or reduced (red) viscosity, which has the units of cubic meters per kilogram (m /kg) or deciUters per gram (dL/g). The logarithmic viscosity number or inherent (inh) viscosity likewise has the units m /kg or dL/g. For Tj g and Tj p, the concentration of polymer, is expressed in convenient units, traditionally g/100 cm but kg/m in SI units. The viscosity number and logarithmic viscosity number vary with concentration, but each can be extrapolated (Fig. 9) to zero concentration to give the limiting viscosity number (intrinsic viscosity) (Table 2). 

Faraday s Law of electrolysis states that the amount of chemical change, ie, amount dissolved or deposited, produced by an electric current is proportional to the quantity of electricity passed, as measured in coulombs and that the amounts of different materials deposited or dissolved by the same quantity of electricity are proportional to their gram-equivalent weights (GEW) defined as the atomic weight divided by the valence. The weight in grams of material deposited, IF, is given by... 

Linear Density. Linear density is defined as the weight per unit length (usually defined as denier), weight in grams of 9000 m or Tex, gram weight of 1000 m of yam or cord (26). Tex is often used as dTex (Tex x 10) and is related to denier because dTex = denier x 1.111. 

Salinity, S(%e), is defined as the weight ia grams of the dissolved inorganic matter ia 1 kg of seawater after all Br and 1 have been replaced by the equivalent quantity of Cl and HCO3 and ate converted to oxide. In over 97% of the seawater ia the world, the salinity S is between 33%c and... 

The chlorinity. Cl (%e), is determined by the titration of seawater with AgNO. It was defined as the chlorine equivalent of the total hahde concentration ia g kg seawater it is now defined as the mass ia grams of Ag necessary to precipitate the halogens (Cl and Br ) ia 328.5233 g of seawater. It has been adequately demonstrated that the relative composition of the major (greater than 1 m kg seawater) components of seawater is nearly constant. By measuriag one constituent of seawater, the composition of other components can be characterized. The constituent normally selected is the chlorinity. Cl... 

Bromine number ASTM D 1159-84. The bromine number is defined as the amount of bromine in grams accepted by 100 grams of resin. Typical values are ... 

Saponification number (DIN 51 559). The saponification number is indicative of the presence of ester groups in a resin. The saponification number is defined as the consumption of potassium hydroxide in milligrams by one gram of resin under standardized conditions. 

Heat is measured in term.s of the calorie, defined as the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water at a pressure of 1 atmosphere firom 15 to 16 °C. This unit is sometimes called the small calorie, or gram calorie, to distinguish it from the large calorie, or kilocalorie, equal to 1000 small calories, which is used in nutritional studies. In mechanical engineering practice in the United States and the United Kingdom, heat is measured in British thermal units (Btu). One Btu is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 ° F and is equal to 252 calories. 

Decitex (dtex) The mass in grams of 10,000 meters of fiber or yarn. A direct yarn numbering system used to define size of fiber or yarn. The higher the number, the coarser (larger) the yarn. 

The notation g- o/7 is the unit tox gram-ion, which represents Avogadro s number (6.02 X 10 ) of ions. The pH is a direct measine of the hydrogen ion concentration and is defined by... 

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