Unit production system

The assembly sewing process is the most labour-intensive part of apparel manufacturing. The progressive bundle unit system is common in sewing room design. Recently, many manufacturers have installed unit production systems as a means to improve efficiency and effectiveness. Assembly involves a set of workstations in which a specific task of a pre-defined sequence is processed. 

Textile/Clothing Technology Corp (TC ), 2005. Unit Production Systems. Bi-Weekly Technology Communicators. Available from http //www.tc2.eom/newsletter/arc/011905.html (accessed 12.03.14). 

Breakdown and subsequent repair is clearly non-scheduled, but gives rise to nonavailability of the item. Some non-critical items may actually be maintained on a breakdown basis, as discussed in Section 11.3. Flowever, an item which is critical to keeping the production system operating will be designed and maintained to make the probability of breakdown very small, or may be backed up by a stand-by unit. 

The Courtaulds semicommercial production system is iUustrated in Figure 8. Dissolving-grade woodpulp is mixed into a paste with NMMO and passes through a high temperature dissolving unit to yield a clear viscous solution. This is filtered and spun into dilute NMMO whereupon the ceUulose fibers precipitate. These are washed and dried, and finally baled as staple or tow products as required by the market. The spin bath and wash Uquors are passed to solvent recovery systems which concentrate the NMMO to the level required for reuse in dissolution. 

Unit process Dust emission per unit process reference flow, O (kg/ton or kg/MJ) Unit process reference flow per product system reference flow, F (ton/ton or MJ/ton) Dust emission per product system reference flow, D x F (kg/ton steel-sheet)... 

Reference flow and the functional unit are defined for the entire product system, and the elementary flows are calculated in relation to these. The flow figures are normally aggregated, and the total flow of each substance recorded and used for impact assessment. 

A business unit s system for establishing a product stewardship program... 

Goal and Scope Definition. This phase deals with the selection of system boundaries and the setting of the functional unit which describes the primary function(s) fulfilled by a (product) system and can be used as a basis for the comparison of alternative systems. ... 

In the first stage of the LCA analysis, it is necessary to define the objective and the scope of the paper before the actual start [35]. The study goal and scope definition determine the next procedure character and the circumstances in which the study outputs are valid [32]. [36] requires to establish a study goal and scope while the study scope means to determine the product system, the functional unit and system boundaries, to determine allocation rules, the assessment methodology, hypothesis and limits and data quality. 

The inventory tasks is to collect environmentally important information about relevant processes involved in the product system. Inventory collects information about unit processes at first and subsequently, an inventory of inputs and outputs of the system and its surroundings is carried out. The goal is the identification and quantification of all elementary flows associated with product system. Inventory analysis is the nature of the technical implementation of LCA studies. It is an essential part of a study, has high demands for data availability, practical experience in modelling product systems and, in the case of using database tools, it is necessary to master them perfectly and to understand their function [46]. The inventory phase principle is data collection that is used to quantify values of the elementary flows. This phase represents a major practical part of the LCA study, time consuming and with demands for data availability and author s experience with modelling product system studies [47],... 

Evaluated systems were modelled with the cradle to gate principle, thus the product system of particular foods was terminated at the point of entry into the school canteen. The following presentation of food and related activities, as well as waste management of the product and its packaging materials were not included in the LCA. One kg of the final food was selected as a functional unit. In the case the allocation was necessary, the weight-economic allocation was used. 

The carbon footprint of transport fuels has been analyzed in several studies starting from 1990. One of the most important is the study realized by Sheehan et al. [13] at National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the United States.This is an LCA study that includes the impact of C02 emissions. Most important operations belonging to the petroleum diesel product system include crude oil extraction, its transport to an oil refinery, crude oil refining to diesel fuel, its transportation to the user, and its use in a bus engine. 

Brazilian cement plants are relatively modem due to the country s more recent industrialization in comparison with many other countries. For example, the average energy consumption per tons of cement produced in Brazil is 112 kWh/t, while in the United States this is around 140 kWh/t. The efforts of companies in the sector have achieved significant progress in terms of more efficient production systems with lower energy consumption. At the same time, the use of additives mixed with clinker, such as blast furnace slag, also has helped reduce C02 emissions per tonne of cement, because this pollutant is formed during the production of clinker. 

Vulcanisation using hot air systems remains the most important production system for profile production. Hot air can be used alone but can also be supplemented by the addition of infrared heaters. The systems usually consist of modular units which can be built up into the required length. Air speed can usually be controlled and the compound throughput can be adjusted from speeds of 2.5 m/sec up to 20 m/sec. These systems are sufficient for thin section profiles, but thicker articles will require slower transport speeds. Addition of microwave systems to these units... 

Systemic oral and transdermal estrogen and progestogen combination products are available in the United States. Systemic oral estrogen and androgen combination products are available in the United States. cNot available in the United States. 

Causarano HJ, Franzluebbers AJ, Reeves DW, Shaw JN (2006) Soil organic carbon sequestration in cotton production systems of southeastern United States a review. J Environ Qual 35 1374-1383... 

All products include omeprazole as active ingredient. Losec and Prilosec are original medicinal products in Europe and USA respectively. MUPS (Multi Unit Pellet System) is also an original trade name and drug formulation... 

In contrast to the fuel-cell stack, there is very little information available about the costs of the gas production system, the compressor-expander unit and the balance of the system (pumps, separators, etc.). Cost objectives between 15/kWel and 100/kWei have been given for the gas production system (reforming). In the next few years, it will become clear whether it is possible to reach these low-cost objectives for the gas production system, the compressor-expander unit and the balance of system. 

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