Ultrasonic nondestructive characterization

Qu, J., Ultrasonic nondestructive characterization of adhesive bonds. Georgia Institite of Technology, Annual Report NAS 1.26 206473, NASA/CR-97-206473, NAG1-18I0, 1997. 

Ultrasonic scanning microscopy is one of the newer and less famiUar methods of examination. It represents a meaningful contribution to the field of ceramography and could create new possibilities for this science. It is used predominantly in the nondestructive characterization and imaging of microcracks, crack paths and pores. 

Bemdt, T.P. and Green, R.E. Jr., Feasibility study of a nonlinear ultrasonic technique to evaluate adhesive bonds. In Green, R.E. Jr. (Ed.), Nondestructive Characterization of Materials, Vlll. Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1998. 

There have been numerous efforts to inspect specimens by ultrasonic reflectivity (or pulse-echo) measurements. In these inspections ultrasonic reflectivity is often used to observe changes in the acoustical impedance, and from this observation to localize defects in the specimen. However, the term defect is related to any discontinuity within the specimen and, consequently, more information is needed than only ultrasonic reflectivity to define the discontinuity as a defect. This information may be provided by three-dimensional ultrasonic reflection tomography and a priori knowledge about the specimen (e.g., the specimen fabrication process, its design, the intended purpose and the material). A more comprehensive review of defect characterization and related nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods is provided elsewhere [1]. 

With nondestructive ultrasonic test back and forth scanning of a specimen is accomplished with ultrasonics. This NDT can be used to find voids, delaminations, defects in fiber distribution, etc. In ultrasonic testing the sound waves from a high frequency ultrasonic transducer are beamed into a material. Discontinuities in the material interrupt the sound beam and reflect the energy back to the transducer, providing data that can be used to detect and characterize flaws. It can locate internal flaws or structural discontinuities by the use of high frequency reflection or attenuation (ultrasonic beam). 

Tsai, C. S. and Lee, C. C. (1987). Nondestructive imaging and characterization of electronic materials and devices using scanning acoustic microscopy. In Pattern recognition and acoustical imaging (ed. L. A. Ferrari). SPIE 768,260-6. [ 110,202] Tsukahara, Y. and Ohira, K. (1989). Attenuation measurements in polymer films and coatings by ultrasonic spectroscopy. Ultrasonics Int. 89, 924-9. [204]... 

Nondestructive evaluation, also termed nondestructive testing or nondestructive inspection, is extensively used in weld testing (14). Nondestructive tests do no impair the serviceability of the material or component under stress. The most widely used tests for evaluation of welds are liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonics, and radiography. Acoustic-emission tests are increasingly used. Nondestructive tests detect and characterize, in terms of size, shape, and location, the various types of weld discontinuities that can occur. 

FAA. Impact damage characterization and damage tolerance of composite sandwich airframe structures — phase II. DOT/FAA/AR-02/80 Final Report October 2002. Workman GL, Kishoni D. Ultrasonic testing. 3rd ed. American Society for Nondestructive Testing 2007. 

Scala C.M. and P.A., Doyle, Ultrasonic leaky interface waves for composite-metal adhesive bond characterization. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 14(2), 1995. 

The purpose of this task Is to conduct nondestructive evaluation (NDE) developmer it directed at identifying approaches for quantitative determination of conditions (including both properties and flaws) In ceramics that affect the structural performance. Those materials that have been seriously considered for appllca.Ion In advanced heat engines are all brittle materials with fracture affected by structural features with dimensions on the order of the dimensions of the microstructure. This work seeks to characterize those features using high-frequency ultrasonics and radiography to detect, size, and locate critical flaws and to measure nondestructively the elastic properties of the host material,... 

J. Vollmann, D.M. Profunser, A.H. Meier, M. Dbbeli, and J. Dual, Pulse laser acoustics for the characterization of inhomogeneities at interfaces of microstructures. Ultrasonics 42 657-663,2004 A. Blouin, C. Neron, and L.P. Lefebvre, Nondestructive structure characterization by laser-ultrasonics, pp. 441-444 in MetFoam 2007—Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Porous Metals and Metallic Foams, DEStech Publications, Inc, Lancaster, Pa., 2008. 

As the mechanical properties of the final product often depend on the orientation of the polymer chain, it is very important to characterize the orientation of the polymer chain both quickly and accurately in nondestructive fashion. When Edwards and Thomas [55] used the propagation velocity of an ultrasonic shear wave to detect anisotropic behavior in the mechanical properties of a solid, the results obtained indicated that this method was quite sensitive for semicrystalline polymers but much less effective for amorphous polymers. 

Lavrentyev, A.l. and Rokhlin, S.I., Models for ultrasonic characterization of environmental interfacial degradation in adhesive joints. Rev. Prog. Quant. Nondestruct. Evai, 13B, 1531-1538 (1994). 

Zurbrick, J. R., Nondestructive Testing of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Plastics Key to Composition Characterization and Design Properties Prediction, S.P.E. J., 24(9) (Sept. 1968), p. 56. Hatfield, P., Ultrasonic Measurements in High Polymers, Research, 9 (Oct. 1956), p. 388. Coggeshall, A. D., Nondestructive Quality Control Tests on Finished Reinforced Plastic Parts, Plast. Tech. (Dec. 1969), p. 43. 

Monchalin J-P (1993) Progress towards the application of laser ultrasonics in industry. In Thompson DO, Chimenti DE (eds) Review of progress in QNDE 12. Plenum Press, New York, pp 495-506 Monchalin J-P (2007) Laser-ultrasonics principles and industrial applications. Chap 4. In Chen CH (ed) Ultrasonic and advanced methods for nondestructive testing and material characterization. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 79-115 Pilarski A, Rose JL, Balasubramian K (1990) The angular and frequency characteristics of reflectivity from a solid layer embedded between two solids with imperfect boundary conditions. J Acoust Soc Am 87 532-542... 

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