Nondestructive measurement

The Ridgelimeter is the most commonly used device to standardize high methoxyl pectins for commercial use (Cox and Higby, 1944). This empirical Sag-test is a one-point, nondestructive measurement. 

Papkovsky D.B., Smiddy M.A., Papkovskaia N.Y., Kerry J.P., Nondestructive Measurement Of Oxygen In Modified Atmosphere Packaged Hams Using A Phase-Fluorimetric Sensor System, J. Food Set 2002 67 3164-3169. 

A. Gupta, G.E. Peck, R.W. Miller and K.R. Morris, Nondestructive measurements of the compact strength and the particle-size distribution after milling of roller compacted powders by near-infrared spectroscopy, J. Pharm. Sci., 93(4), 1047-1053 (2004). 

ICP-MS is the most sensitive method to detect nickel at low ppt. X-ray methods are relatively less sensitive to AA or ICP/AES spectrometry but they do not require any acid digestion of the metal or its salts. They can be applied to solid powder for nondestructive measurement of the metal. 

The adoption of NMR methods as a standard way to measure SFC is largely due to the work of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS). Over the past decades they have conducted a series of interlaboratory collaborative trials to revise and improve methodologies and have published their recommendations as Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS (Firestone, 1998). The methods described here were based on methods Cd 16b-93 and Cd 16-81 of this book, and readers are encouraged to consult the original text. The important advantages of NMR for this application are that it can rapidly and nondestructively measure the number of hydrogen nuclei in the solid or liquid phase and thus the ratio of the amounts of each phase. 

With the availability of small, relatively intense radioisotopic neutron sources, radiation gauging with neutrons has become an important technique in the inspection of energetic materials. Applications have included nondestructive measurement of moisture in expls, determination of charge weight and fill height in sealed ammo cartridges and in detection of concealed expls... 

In relation to sample preparation, Raman spectra can be obtained from pure complexes in the bulk state, seeing that for better performance the careful grinding of samples is required. Contrary to FTIR spectroscopy, where samples are mixed with mineral oil (Nujol) or KBr pellets, in Raman spectroscopy a pure substance is used. For this reason, the Raman spectroscopy is called a nondestructive measurement method. Additionally, analysis can be carried out through many containers such as glass, Pyrex reaction vessels, plastic containers, and so on. 

Time-resolved fluorescence using 9-methylanthracene (9MAn) as a photoluminescent probe was used to detect residual stresses on polymer products. The fluorescence lifetimes of 9MAn in this nondestructive measurement were correlated with the stresses, not the strains, of the PVC samples containing carbon black and 9MAn. The test enabled the estimation of residual tensile stresses on... 

The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites strongly depend on their structure, orientation of the filler, phase separation, and processing conditions. Hence, there is a need for in situ nondestructive characterization technique to probe the internal stress in nanocomposite structures. The shortcomings of many conventional techniques such as low resolution, destructive measurements, complex modeling and applicability to only certain class of materials are overcome by using pRS owing to the sensitivity and nondestructive measurement for monitoring internal stress in various materials [59]. 

Both destructive and nondestructive measurements can be done on an Instron Material Tester. In this system, the sample is loaded in a test cell, and the compression or tension force is measured when the upper part of the cell is moved over a given distance (time). Within the elastic limit of the gel, the elastic modulus E (or gel strength) is obtained from the initial slope of the nondestructive stress/strain curve additional deformation results in the breakage of the sample, giving the characteristic parameters—yield stress and breaking strain. 

Viscometric determinations of these phenomena all involve the destruction of the very structures that one sets out to measure and therefore are not emphasized in this chapter. It is more important to recognize the partial solidlike character of film formers at the outset and to treat them in a manner that elucidates both the solid and the liquid characteristics in the same nondestructive measurement. That is, one should measure viscosity and elasticity simultaneously. 

Conversely, destructive tests have advantages over nondestructive tests because they are closer to a consumer s perception of spreading a jelly. The force required to rupture a gel correlated best with gel strength assessed In the mouth (57). Kulper (64) reported that nondestructive measurements correlated well with the Rldgellmeter reading, whereas destructive measurements correlated better with sensory analyses. 

Dimensional evaluation and testing can give reasonably accurate quantitative data nondestructive measurement is especially important with cultural artifacts, however. The conservator may be able to determine volume on the basis of weight, intact cross section, fluoroscopy, or through judicious use of probes. 

Grierson, P.F. and Comerford, N.B. (2000) Nondestructive measurement of acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere using nitrocellulose membranes and image analysis. Plant and Soil 218, 49-57. 

Nicolai et al. (2007) wrote a review about the applications of non-destructive measurement of fruit and vegetable quality. Measurement principles are compwed, and novel techniques (hyperspectral imaging) are reviewed. Special attention is p>aid to recent developments in portable systems. The problem of calibration transfer from one spectrophotometer to another is introduced, as well as techniques for calibration transfer. Chemometrics is an essential part of spectroscopy and the choice, of corrected techniques, is primary (linear or nonlinear regression, such as kernel-based methods are discussed). The principal objective of spectroscopy system applications in fruit and vegetables sector have focused on the nondestructive measurement of soluble solids content, texture, dry matter, acidity or disorders of fruit and vegetables, (root mean square error of prediction want to be achieved). 

Besides the tomographic radiotracer methods some other methods exist for nondestructive measurements of spatial flow distributions in soil columns (Table 2.1). 

The application of laser light scattering techniques to molecular characterization of dielectric films offers the ability to directly probe chemical bonding within the film and at the film-substrate interface. Real-time measurements can be carried out under ambient conditions or in hostile environments allowing transient film stability studies to be conducted. Such laser-based techniques require only an optically clear line of sight between sample and analyzer and offer several advantages over the high vacuum surface analytical techniques commonly applied to film characterization. These include nondestructive measurement capability, rapid data acquisition time, and ability to use the optical properties of the sample to enhance the sensitivity of the measurement. 

Nondestructive methods of testing, inspecting, or evaluating a product utilize physical measurements that do not alter the condition or life of the product for its continued use. NDT and NDI are generally considered synonymous, with both being related to the use of measurement tools per specification and assessment against specified criteria. NDE and nondestructive characterization are terms intended to convey the use of nondestructive measurements for material condition, property, or state assessment, especially in a quantitative manner. For the purposes of the remainder of this chapter, the acronym NDT will be used to represent all these issues. 

Results of an actual nondestructive measurement of soil bulk density. The core was examined twice, with 90° rotation between the first and second runs. Two calibration chemicals are also graphed. (After Richards, A.F., and Chaney, R.C., Mar. Georesour. Geotec., 15, 305-321,1997. Reproduced with permission of Taylor Francis Group.)... 

Richards, A.E, and Chaney, R.C. 1997. Nondestructive measurement of the existing state of consolidation in marine soils. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 15 305-321. 

Polymer property Destructive/ nondestructive Measurement technique... 

Optical detection methods have a suite of attractive features for many in situ monitoring and reaction optimization applications. These features include nondestructive measurement capabilities, fast response, low detection limit, means to analyze materials with no sample preparation, ease of multiplexing for parallel measurements of multiple compounds in the library, and spatial-mapping capabilities. One or several lightwave parameters (amplitude, wavelength, polarization, phase, and temporal property) can be measured and related to a material property of interest. Complementing direct measurements, in which the spectroscopic features of the material are measured, an indirect material determination can be used in which an auxiliary reagent is employed. ... 

Our high-throughput multiparameter reaction optimization methodology included fabrication of materials arrays over a wide range of process conditions, application of nondestructive measurement techniques to collect optical spectra from the fabricated materials, multivariate data analysis to extract the desired spectral descriptors from the spectra, correlation of the variation in these spectral descriptors with the variation in process conditions, and identification of the levels of process conditions that satisfy two predetermined reaction requirements. The first requirement includes identification of process conditions that provide the largest material differentiation at a constant ratio of two reaction components A and B (ratio A/B) and increasing concentration of the third reaction component C. The second requirement includes minimum reaction variability, as reactions are performed in different microreactors under identical process conditions. 

The capacity of the storage pool can be increased substantially without compromising its safety and at a reasonably low cost if the fuel Irradiation effects, namely bumup and fission product, on storage criticality parameters are incorporated. This can be achieved by direct nondestructive measurements of these irradiation effects in each spent-fuel assembly namely,... 

The first three measurements make it possible to classify the measured fuel assembly in terms of its contribution to the source multiplication. The fourth measurement indicates the current criticality status of the pool. The key elements of the proposed approach are the direct nondestructive measurement of the residual fissile content, which was recently studied, and the continuous monitoring of the subcriticality. 

Wiirz, H. A simple nondestructive measurement system for spent fuel management. Nucl. Technology 95, 193-206 (1991)... 

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