U.S. Annual Production

Total U.S. annual production of MAA and EAA combined is estimated to be 6000—7000 metric tons. The list prices at the end of 1992 for large volumes were 2.75/kg for MAA and 3.00/kg for EAA. There are only two U.S. producers of these esters at this time, Tennessee Eastman Co. in Kingsport, Teimessee, and Lon2a Inc. in Bayport, Texas. 

Table 3. Estimated U.S. Annual Production Capacity of Cyclohexanone...

Figure 2. Approximate ranges of U.S. annual production of major carbohydrate fe stocks and organic chemical feedstocks in the 1980s. The data for organic chemicals are plotted only for 1988.

Total U.S. annual production of all arylides combined is estimated to be 12,000—13,000 metric tons. The laigest volume arylide is AAA (acetoacetanilide) for Pigment Yellow 12 as well as for carboxin. The list price of AAA at the end of 1992 was 3.40/kg. 

The development of an industrial ammonia synthesis was one of the early achievements of catalytic chemistry. The ammonia industry is still a key industry, with U.S. annual production at present almost two million tons. In view of this fact it deserves to be mentioned that the... 

Acrylonitrile is the starting material used in the manufacture of acrylic fibers (U.S. annual production capacity is more than 2 million pounds). Three industrial processes for the production of acrylonitrile are given below. Using data from Appendix 4, calculate AS°, AH°, and AG° for each process. For part a, assume that T = 25°C for part b, T = 70.°C and for part c, T = 700.°C. Assume that AH° and AS° do not depend on temperature, a. CH2-CH2(g) + HCN(5)... 

The four chlorinated methanes are methyl chloride (CH3CI), methylene chloride (CH2CI2), chloroform (CHCI3), and carbon tetrachloride (CCI4). They are all fairly large-volume products, with their recent U.S. annual production levels being about 520, 500, 450, and 750 million lb respectively. 

The U.S. annual production of acetic acid was about 3.4 billion lb in 1987, and the selling price around 0.30/lb. The world production totaled 10 billion lb. The major U.S. producers... 

The 1995 annual global CTO production was about 1.7 million metric tons. About half of that output was in the United States and one quarter in Europe outside the CIS. U.S. CTO production climbed 4.2% per year from 0.45 million metric tons in 1963 to 0.68 in 1973. After that the average annual increase slowed to 1%. The five U.S. CTO processors are Hsted in Table 1. 

Production. MTBE production capacity has grown steadily, usually at an annual rate of 10 to 20% per year. In 1980, world capacity was 30 thousand barrels per day (1.5 X 10 t/yr). By 1990, capacity was up to 180 thousand barrels per day (7 x 10 t/yr). Because of the requirements of the U.S. CAA, production capacity is expected to more than double from 1990 to 1995 (25). By 2000, MTBE may be the second largest organic chemical produced in the United States, second only to ethylene (26). 

United States and the world (Figure 1), despite perceptions that it has been replaced by other sources. In 1997 production ofboth coal (23.2 quadrillion Btus, or about 4.6 billion barrels of oil) and natural gas (19.5 quadrillion Btus, or about 3.9 billion barrels of oil) on an energy equivalent basis exceeded U.S. domestic oil production (13.6 quadrillion Btus, equivalent to about 2.7 billion barrels, or 3.1 billion barrels of oil if natural gas liquids are included). Coal production in the United States nearly doubled from 1970 to 2000 (from about 600 million tons to about 1 billion tons produced annually). Meanwhile, petroleum consumption at 18.6 million barrels of oil per day is near the all-time high of 18.8 million barrels of oil per day in 1978. Net U.S. petroleum imports (8.9 million barrels of oil per day) in 1997 were worth 67 billion and exceeded U.S. petroleum production (8.3 million... 

During the period 1900 and 1919, there was tremendous growth in U.S. oil production. Geographically, oil production also undeiwent important changes. In 1900, total annual U.S. oil production reached 63.6 million barrels. By this time, major production had shifted from the Northeast to the Appalachian region and the Midwest, and in particular the famous Lima-Indiana fields. In 1900, these areas together produced over 91 percent of total U.S. oil. 

Few details are available on endosulfan s production volume. In 1974, the annual production of endosulfan in the United States was estimated at 3 million pounds (Sittig 1980). However, domestic production was near 5,000 pounds in 1977 (HSDB 1999). The major U.S. manufacturer of endosulfan was FMC Corporation, formerly called the Niagara Chemical Division of Food and Machinery Corporation. FMC Corporation s annual production of endosulfan active ingredient for 1971 was estimated at about 2 million pounds (EPA 1972). According to Coleman and Dolinger (1982), however, this figure may be a low estimate. Endosulfan has not been produced in the United States since 1982 (HSDB 1999) therefore, worldwide production volumes listed after 1982 do not include data for the United States. Worldwide production of endosulfan in 1984 was estimated at 10,000 metric tons (WHO 1984). Current estimates of worldwide production or domestic formulation were not located. 

Phenol has been obtained by distillation from petroleum and synthesis by oxidation of cumene or toluene, and by vapor-phase hydrolysis of chlorobenzene (USITC 1987). In 1995, 95% of U.S. phenol production was based on oxidation of cumene except at one company that used toluene oxidation and a few companies that distilled phenol from petroleum (CMR 1996). In 1995 the total annual capacity of phenol production approached 4.5 billion pounds (CMR 1996). 

The popularity of botanical products in the United States is reflected in a survey on complementary and alternative medicine that showed that American consumers had spent an estimated 5.1 billion on botanical products in 1997 (1). In the same year, the global market for botanical medicinal products was estimated to be approximately 20 billion (2,3). It has been estimated that currently more than 1500 botanical products are available in the U.S. market alone (4). This popularity has been fueled, in part, by the perception that botanicals are naturally derived products, and hence are safe and devoid of adverse effects. This perception appeared to be justified by a paper summarizing the fatality of pharmaceutical drugs and botanical products in the 1981-1993 period, in which statistics compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics, the American Association of Poison Control Centers, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Journal of the American Medical Association, and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission showed an annual mortality rate of 100,000 deaths... 

Production and Specification. In 1990, approximately 105 x 106 kg of THF were produced from a U.S. annual capacity of about 123 x 106 kg. Consumption is expected to grow by 5 to 6% per year through 1995. THF is generally shipped in tank cars, tank trucks, or drums (29,31). 

Since 1951, silver consumption has exceeded its extraction from ore. Secondary silver production involves the recovery of silver from new and old scrap, resulting from silver-containing wastes generated by industry and the consumer. Recycled silver accounted for 40% of U.S. refinery production in 1971 and had increased to 67% by 1974 (Smith and Carson 1977). It was estimated to be 61% and 56% in 1988 and 1989, respectively (The Silver Institute 1990). The estimated world-wide recovery of silver from the photographic industry is about 67% of the total used (The Silver Institute 1988). It has been estimated that 80%, 68%, and 75% of today s annual consumption by the electrical, industrial-alloy, and art industries, respectively, is recycled silver, but these estimates may be high. 

The total U.S. annual anthropogenic release of silver to the atmosphere from production processes and consumptive uses in 1978 was estimated at 77,700 kg (Scow et al. 1981). Of this amount, an estimated 30,000 kg were released from metals production, 22.000 kg from use in electrical contacts and conductors, 9,000 kg from coal and petroleum combustion, 7,000 kg from iron and steel production, 2,000 kg from cement manufacture, and the remainder from miscellaneous uses. Urban refuse was the source of an additional 10,000 kg. Smith and Carson (1977) estimated that cloud seeding with silver iodide contributed 3,100 kg annually (based on data from the early 1970s). 

The total U.S. annual release of silver to surface waters in 1978 from production processes and consumptive uses was estimated to be 125,000 kg (Scow et al. 1981). Of this amount, an estimated... 

Approximately 30% of the energy used in U.S. chemical plants and petroleum refineries is for distillation, and it accounts for nearly 3% of the total U.S. annual energy consumption. The energy usage associated with some specific distillation products is shown in Table III. The cost of energy for distillation can be reduced by using waste heat such as is available from quench water in ethylene plants, for example, or exhaust steam from mechanical drivers such as compressors. 

Until about 1970, the utilization of low-rank coals (lignite and subbituminous) was limited, accounting for no more than l%-2% of the total annual U.S. coal production. In recent years, their production has increased dramatically, and by 1980 production accounted for about 24% of the total national coal production. It has been estimated that in another ten years, low-rank coals could amount to half the total coal production ( 1). 

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