Typical repair procedure

An industry standard scarf repair first involves removal of topcoat and primer and then using a hand-held pneumatic router or grinder to machine the damaged portion of the laminate into a circular shape. The sides of the circular cutaway must then be machined to a taper at the required angle. Two approaches can be employed, either stepped or scarfed. The scarfed joint is theoretically superior (better stress distribution) but little difference is seen in practice. The joint face is sanded to a constant 

External Patch with Backup Plate This concept uses an external chamfered metal patch bolted to the panel being repaired. The bolts thread into nut plates mounted on metal backup plates that are on the side of the repaired panel. The backup plate can be split into two or more pieces and slipped through the 

External Patch with Blind Fasteners This concept is similar to the previous one, except that the backup plates are not used. Blind fasteners are not as strong as bolts and nutplates, but if acceptable strength can be restored, this concept is easier to use. 

Bolted Internal Doubler. This concept has been used as a standard repair for metal structures. Access to the backside is required to install the doubler. The doubler cannot be installed through the hole as a separate piece because the doubler has to be continuous to carry loads in aU directions. Filler is used to provide a flush outer surface, and is not designed to carry loads. 

Bolted repairs require similar skills and processes to repair of metal structure meaning materials, equipment and skills are more readily available, so there is an 

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Indicators may be used to provide an objective, accurate measurement of the different services provided in the department. These can measure specific individual, team, and departmental performance parameters. Typical indicators might include simple tallies of the quantity or level of effort for each activity, productivity (quantity/effort), percentage of time spent performing each activity, percentage of scheduled IPMs (inspection and preventive maintenance procedures) completed within the scheduled period, mean time per job by activity, repair jobs not completed within 30 days, parts order for greater than 60 days, etc. 

The tiles must also be inspected. A goal for the TTPS was to inspect the tiles more accurately than the human eye and therefore reduce the need for multiple inspections. During launch, reentry, and transport, a number of defects can occur on the tiles in the form of scratches, cracks, gouges, discoloring, and erosion of surfaces. The examination of the tiles determines if they need to be replaced or repaired. The typical procedures involve visual inspection of each tile to see if there is any damage and then assessment and categorization of the defects according to detailed checklists. Later, work orders are issued for repair of individual tiles. 

Availability, in general, is defined as the ability of the plant/equipment to perform its required function over a stated period of time. Maintainability is the probability that a failed item can be restored to operation effectiveness within a given period of time when repair action is performed as per the specified procedure (Smith, 2011). Software is available for performing RAM studies. For smaller projects, spreadsheets can be used. Reliability and process safety are interlinked, and so combined RAM and safety (RAMS) studies can be performed with the RAMS software (Sikos and Klemes, 2010). It considers many factors affecting the plant performance such as equipment performance, redundancy, demand requirements and logistics. RAM analysis is based on statistical failure data such as mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to repair (MTTR), mean time to failure (MTTF) and mean down time (MDT). Wherever possible, failure data available within the company should be used for RAM/RAMS study. If not, typical failure data available in the literature/software can be used. 

At many facdities, the practice is to operate the incineration system continuously until it breaks down because of equipment failures. This type of operation accelerates both bad performance and equipment deterioration rates. Repairs done after such breakdowns are usually far more extensive and costly than those performed during routine, preventive maintenance procedures. Also, items which are typically capable of lasting many years can fail in a fraction of that time if interrelated components are permitted to fail completely. 

A communication session can be established between two registered UEs if and only if all signalling nodes are available during call set-up procedure. Since all servers involved in the call set-up session are failure-prone, some reliability methodologies are necessary to evaluate the overall IMS-based system availability, which, in line of principle, should be comparable to the PSTN one for voice services. In addition, IMS nodes have typically different performance levels and several failure and repair modes with various effects on the entire signalling network performance. 

Soft-tissue reconstructions, such as repairing ligament or tendon damage, are common orthopedic procedures and typically seen in sports medicine. For example, ACL repair is the most common knee ligament injury with over 400,000 repairs in the US in 2007 [62]. This market is expected to be valued at 500 million in the US in 2012 [62]. 

This procedure is typically done following a repair or as the closure seam for a vessel that is post weld heat treated in multiple sections. 

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