Two basic approaches

The CBC examples described previously illustrate two basic ways of implementing the Define and Observe stages of DO IT. The driving CBC I developed with my daughter illustrates the observation and feedback process recommended by a number of successful behavior-based safety consultants (Krause, 1995 Krause et al., 1996 McSween, 1995). I refer to this approach as one-to-one safety coaching because it involves an observer using a CBC to provide instructive behavioral feedback to another person (Geller, 1995,1998). 

The second approach to the Define and Observe stages of DO IT involves a limited CBC (perhaps targeting only one behavior) and does not necessarily involve one-to-one coaching. This is the approach used in most of the published studies of the behavior-based approach to safety (for example, see reviews by Petersen, 1989, and Sulzer-Azaroff, 1982, 1987). This was the approach used by my students years ago when they observed, recorded, and graphed my safety-belt use as my vehicle entered and departed the 

Vehicle safety-belt use across all Ford plants increased from 8 percent to 54 percent, and this behavior change in 1984 alone saved the lives of at least 8 employees and spared about 400 others from serious injury. Corporate cost savings were estimated at 10 million during the first year and cumulated to 22 million by the end of 1985 (Gray, 1988). 

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Tire compounders generally use two basic approaches to formulate for achieving desired tire performance the use of known relationships of a given compound to a specific performance parameter, and estabUshing the relationships of physical properties to a given performance parameter. 

There are two basic approaches to heat-exchanger design for low temperatures (1) the effec tiveness-NTU approach and (2) the log-mean-temperature-difference (LMTD) approach. The LMTD approach is used most frequently when all the required mass flows are known and the area of the exchanger is to be determined. The effec-... 

There are two basic approaches to handling the particle collection in an electrostatic gas-cleaning system. The first approach is based on the assump-... 

For an existing process plant, the designer has the opportunity to take measurements of the fume or plume flow rates in the field. There are two basic approaches which can be adopted. For the first approach, the fume source can be totally enclosed, and a temporary duct and fan system installed to capture the contaminant. For this approach, standard techniques can be used to measure gas flow rates, gas compositions, gas temperatures, and fume loadings. From the collected fume samples, the physical and chemical characteristics can be established using standard techniques. For most applications, this approach is not practical and not very cost effec tive. For the second approach, one of three field measurement techniques, described next, can be used to evaluate plume flow rates and source heat fl uxes. 

There are two basic approaches to direct mass-spectral analysis of volatile additives, namely constant-temperature heating and temperature-programmed heating (sometimes called thermolysis-mass spectrometry,... 

Two basic approaches to this problem have been developed. One is to correlate the volume change using Fick s law in a polymer-fixed reference frame, and... 

We employ two basic approaches to rate a polymer s wear resistance. In the first, we expose a polymer surface to a standard set of abrasive or erosive conditions and examine the surface for visual evidence of wear. We primarily use this method to qualitatively rank materials. In the second approach, we expose samples to wear inducing conditions and determine wear resistance in terms of weight loss as a function of time. 

There are two basic approaches to the solution of a species distribution problem (1) The equilibrium constant approach, and (2) the Gibbs free energy approach. Most... 

The problem of predicting a rate constant thus reduces to one of evaluating Kx. There are two basic approaches that are used in attacking this problem one is based on statistical mechanics and the other on thermodynamics. From statistical mechanics it is known that for a reaction of the type X + YZ XYZ1 the equilibrium constant is given by... 

In any particular field of research a very important problem exists, viz, the problem of rationalization of all the various experimental results. There are two basic approaches for solving this problem either a semiempirical correlation of the results, using some arbitrary parameter1 (which can be considered only as a first step in the solution of this problem), or the purely theoretical approach (which sometimes results from the former one). Examples for both of these approaches can be found in catalysis too. Their analysis was extensively done elsewhere (1). 

In the Introduction the problem of construction of a theoretical model of the metal surface was briefly discussed. If a model that would permit the theoretical description of the chemisorption complex is to be constructed, one must decide which type of the theoretical description of the metal should be used. Two basic approaches exist in the theory of transition metals (48). The first one is based on the assumption that the d-elec-trons are localized either on atoms or in bonds (which is particularly attractive for the discussion of the surface problems). The other is the itinerant approach, based on the collective model of metals (which was particularly successful in explaining the bulk properties of metals). The choice between these two is not easy. Even in contemporary solid state literature the possibility of d-electron localization is still being discussed (49-51). Examples can be found in the literature that discuss the following problems high cohesion energy of transition metals (52), their crystallographic structure (53), magnetic moments of the constituent atoms in alloys (54), optical and photoemission properties (48, 49), and plasma oscillation losses (55). 

For each ton of hydrogen produced from hydrocarbons, approximately 2.5 t of carbon is vented to the atmosphere [44-47], However, for each ton of hydrogen produced from current coal technology, approximately 5 t of carbon is emitted to the atmosphere. Principally, C02 capture and sequestration is a precondition for use of these fossil fuels. However, the sequestration necessity varies, because the relative atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratios are 1 2 4 for coal oil natural gas. There are two basic approaches to C02 sequestration either at the point of emission (in situ capture) or from the air (direct capture). In either case, C02 must be disposed off safely and permanently. With the capture and sequestration of C02, hydrogen is one path for coal, oil, and natural gas to remain viable energy resources [46]. Carbon sequestration technologies are discussed in detail in Chapter 17. 

Global proteomic profiling by MS is gaining significant attention as a tool for discovering disease biomarkers. Two basic approaches have been explored. With the first, MS analysis is performed with a material from a specific disease condition and the mass spectra are compared to those of normal individuals or related disease conditions. SELDI-TOF MS gained popularity in this area because of its simplicity and the requirement for only small amounts of samples.38"13 In MS-pattem based disease categorization, the mass spectral patterns are considered reflective of the proteins present in samples from distinct clinical conditions. 

Process synthesis is a task of formulating the process configuration for a purpose by defining which operations or equipment are used and how they are connected together. There are two basic approaches for process synthesis 1) classical process synthesis, analysis and evaluation, and 2) optimization of process structure by using a suitable objective function. 

In Section 15.1 we mentioned that two basic approaches for modular-based process simulators exist ... 

Nebulization is inefficient and therefore not appropriate for very small liquid samples. Introducing samples into the plasma in liquid form reduces the potential sensitivity because the analyte flux is limited by the amount of solvent that the plasma will tolerate. To circumvent these problems a variety of thermal and electrothermal vaporization devices have been investigated. Two basic approaches are in use. The first involves indirect vaporization of the sample in an electrothermal vaporizer, e.g. a carbon rod or tube furnace or heated metal filament as commonly used in atomic absorption spectrometry [7-9], The second involves inserting the sample into the base of the... 

There are two basic approaches to foundation design equivalent static and dynamic. The equivalent static approach is almost always selected because of its simplicity. However, sometimes an overly conservative design could result. The dynamic approach involves a very complex analysis, although it should result in a more realistic design. 

For a single band gap system, two basic approaches for the conversion of hot carriers into electricity or chemical energy have been proposed to enhance the efficiency of photon conversion (a) extraction of the hot carries before they cool, with the production of an enhanced photovoltage [35] (b) production of two or more electron-hole pairs per photon absorbed, with photocurrent enhancement [36, 37]. 

There are two basic approaches used to characterize seawater DOM (Benner, 2002). The first of these is to directly analyze bulk compositions (e.g., elemental or isotopic compositions) or individual compounds in the sample without concentration. This approach requires high-sensitivity methods for either broad biochemical types (e.g., total amino acids or carbohydrates) or individual compounds, often by either spectroscopic or chromatographic methods coupled to electrochemical or mass spectro-metric detectors. The latter type of molecular-level analyses are now feasible for measuring individual amino acids (Lindroth and Mopper, 1979), sugars (Skoog et al., 1999), and amino sugars (Kaiser and Benner,... 

There have been two basic approaches. First one involves isolation of the chromatin and nucleosome from the healthy and diseased cell line. The second approach is the reconstitution of the model target such as nucleosome followed by the association with the drug(s). The second approach has been extensively employed to identify the binding site in the protein-nucleic acid complex. A pre-knowledge about the components and their arrangements in the reconstituted system sometime makes it the preferred approach. Different biophysical, biochemical and genetic techniques have been employed to understand the mode of association and the effect of the drugs upon chromatin/nucleosome structure and function. 

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